• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.204-213
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Since the number of crops cultivated in reclaimed land is huge, it is very difficult to quantify the total crop production. Therefore, a non-destructive method for predicting crop production is needed. Salt tolerant root vegetables such as red beets and sugar beet are suitable for cultivation in reclaimed land. If their underground biomass can be predicted, it helps to estimate crop productivity. Objectives of this study are to investigate maximum leaf length and weight of red beet, sugar beet, and turnips grown in reclaimed land, and to determine optimal model with regression analysis for linear and allometric growth models. METHODS AND RESULTS: Maximum leaf length, width, and root fresh weight of red beets, sugar beets, and turnips were measured. Ten linear models and six allometric growth models were selected for estimation of root fresh weight and non-linear regression analysis was conducted. The allometric growth model, which have a variable multiplied by square of maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width, showed highest R² values of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.49 for red beets, sugar beets, and turnips, respectively. Validation results of the models for red beets and sugar beets showed the R² values of 0.63 and 0.65, respectively. However, the model for turnips showed the R² value of 0.48. The allometric growth model was suitable for estimating the root fresh weight of red beets and sugar beets, but the accuracy for turnips was relatively low. CONCLUSION: The regression models established in this study may be useful to estimate the total production of root vegetables cultivated in reclaimed land, and it will be used as a non-destructive method for prediction of crop information.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.159-169
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• 1993

The thirty six mandibular second molars, which were extracted because of hopeless tooth due to advanced periodontal disease, were measured the length of mesial and distal root and the distance from cementoenamel junction to root separation. The molars were cross-sectioned every 1.5 milimeter from cementoenamel junction to root apex perpendicular to long axis and each section was photographed, projected and measured with a calibrated Digital Curvi-Meter(Com Curvi-8. Japan). The root surface area (RSA), percentage of the RSA and the linear variation of the RSA were calibrated for each 1. 5 mm section. The results were as follows. 1. The mean length of the roots was 12. 98mm for mesial root, 11.84 mm for distal root. The mesial root was longer than distal root.(p<0.01) 2. The mean distance from the cementoenamel junction to the point at which the root separate from the root trunk was 3.82mm for the buccal furcation and 4.75mm for lingual furcation. The buccal root separation was coronal than the lingual root separation.(p<0.01) 3. The total root surface area was $317.78mm^2$. 4. The mean surface area of the root trunk was $150.06mm^2$ and averaged 42.54% of the total root surface area. 5. The mean root surface area was $88.79\;mm^2$ for the mesial root, $78.93mm^2$ for distal root, The mesial root surface area was wider than the distal root surface area.(p<0.05) 6. In comparision, the mean root trunk surface area of the mandibular 2nd molar was wider than that of mandibular 1st molar(p<0.01), but each root of 2nd molar was smaller than that of 1st molar(p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.480-488
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• 2015

Background : In order to determine the effects of planting methods on root growth of ginseng varieties, two different methods, direct seed sowing and transplanting were compared in terms of their effects on different root growth characteristics. Methods and Results : Higher fresh root weight was observed in ginseng grown by direct seed sowing. Direct seed sowing of three cultivars (Sunhyang, Chungsun and K-1) resulted in higher yield, whereas no difference was observed in the yield of one cultivar (Chungsun). Gumpoong was highly tolerant to physiological stress, as it showed fewer symptoms of rusty and rough skin root diseases in both direct seed sowing and transplanting. The average main root length per total root length of ginseng grown by direct seed sowing was 33.6%, whereas that of ginseng grown by the average of those by transplanting was 22.4%. Other root growth characteristics, including root length, main root diameter, and number of side roots, improved when the direct seed sowing method was used. Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the differences in root growth parameters of ginseng varieties grown by direct seed sowing or transplanting at the same planting density. Because of the advantages of direct sowing during ginseng planting, developing new varieties and improving cultivation methods are imperative.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.353-358
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• 2012

This study was conducted to enhance the propagation of Acanthopanax divaricatus and Acanthopanax koreanum through different cutting practices. For propagation by cuttings, scions were taken on September 1. This already has hard skin and showed much higher values in terms of root length, root number, rooting ratio and root weight than those taken on June 30 and August 1. Regardless of cutting date, 50% shading resulted to the highest root length, root number, root ratio and root weight. Meanwhile, 95% shading significantly reduced these parameters compared with no shading. These results suggest that over-shading may inhibit root growth. Two growth regulators, IBA (concentration of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ppm) and Rootone-F (0.4%) were also tested of its effect to the cuttings. Rootone-F was found to be more effective than IBA. Cutting treated with Rootone-F had slightly higher root length and root number. A. koreanum which grows well in hot climatic condition showed better rooting ability than A. divaricatus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 1995

This study was carried out to compare the root yields, root characters, saponin and ginsenosides contents of 6-year-old p. ginseng and p. quinquefolium. These two ginseng species showed difference in the diameter and ten비h of mainroot. The main root length or p. quinquefolium was shorter than that of p. ginseng, whereas Jakyung-jong and Hwangsook-jong of P. ginseng showed similar root length. Proximate composition were similar between the two species, however, crude fibercontent was significantly higher in main and lateral root of Jakyung-jong and Hwang sook-jong of P ginseng than P quinquefolium. In regard to mineral contents of root, P ginseng contained more Ca and Mn and less Fe and Al than P. quinquefolium. P. quinquefolium contained more of Rbl and Rd of protopanaxadiol saponin, and less or Re, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$ of protopanaxatriol saponin than P ginseng. However, no Rf was detected in the p. quinquefolium. Key words Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, ginseng character, ginsenoside.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2011

Objective: Orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) involves partial loss of cementum and dentin of teeth caused by routine orthodontic treatment. It decreases root length and influences the function of affected teeth. In this study, the treatment and patient factors causing apical root resorption in Koreans were determined. The observed factors were extraction, gender, age, displacement of root apex, total treatment period, total teeth length, and shape of the root. Methods: The records of 137 patients treated with full, fixed edgewise appliances were obtained from the Department of Orthodontics, Dankook University Dental Hospital, from November 2007 to December 2008. Periapical radiographs of the maxillary central incisors and cephalometric radiographs of each patient were used to assess apical root resorption and type of tooth movement. Results: The mean amount of resorption was $1.62{\pm}1.58mm$. The amount of resorption in the extraction and non-extraction groups was $2.10{\pm}1.64mm$ and $1.18{\pm}1.39mm$, respectively. The amount of root resorption increased with the total tooth length. Severe root resorption (> 4 mm) was related to abnormal root shape (blunt, pointed, or eroded). Conclusions: The variables significantly related to OIRR were extraction, initial tooth length, and root shape.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 1989

This experiment was to study the relationship between shoot and root system in perennial ryegrass at different stages of growth. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The dry weight of shoot was significantly correlated with the dry weight of root at both stages of growth. 2. The yield components of shoot and root systems were changed by the stages of growth. Thus, the dry weights of shoot and root were positive correlated with the number of tillers and roots at 60 days after sowing. But, the dry weights of shoot and root were positive correlated with the dry weight of root, the dry weight of tiller, length of plant and length of root at 90 days after sowing. 3. Maprirna variety was obtained a higher dry weights of shoot and root at 60 days after sowing, but, Alta variety was obtained at 90 days after sowing, respectively. 4. The dry weight of shoot was positive correlated with leaf area at both stages of growth. 5. The dry weight of shoot was significantly negative correlated with specific leaf weight at 60 days after sowing, but positive correlated with specific leaf weight at 90 days afikr sowing. 6. The dry weight of root was smcantly positive correlated with leaf area at 60 days after sowing, but not recognized at 90 days after sowing.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 1985

A comparative anatomy between the secondary xylem in the root and stem of Korean Betulaceae, including 5 genera and 6 species, was carried out in this study. Anatomical characteristics of the secondary xylem in the root and stem are as follows: Diameter of vessel and fiber is wider in the root than the stem, while the number of vessel and fiber per unit area is fewer in the root than the stem. The length of vessel element is longer in the stem than the root, whereas length of the fiber is longer in the root than the stem. Number of bar in the perforation plate is more in the stem than the root, and the angle of perforation plate is broader in the root than the stem. Number of ray per unit area is more in the root than the stem.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.169-175
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• 1984

This study was undertaken to obtain the average canal length of upper & lower anterior teeth which was important in canal length measuring procedure of endodontic treatment. It was based upon 827 out-patients who had endodontic treatment on their upper & lower anterior teeth at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Infirmary, Yonsei Medical Center from February, 1978 to June, 1984. The 1249 teeth of these patients were devided into sex and age groups. The root canal length of these teeth were measured. The following results were obtained; 1. The mean root canal length of upper & lower anterior teeth were as follows; Upper central incisors : 21.8mm Upper lateral incisors : 21.0mm Upper canines : 24.1mm Lower central incisors : 18.6mm Lower lateral incisors : 19.9mm Lower canines : 22.6mm 2. There was no significant difference in root canal length between sex. (P > 0.05) 3. There was no significant difference in root canal length between age groups. (p > 0.05) 4. The distribution of upper central incisors showed the highest distribution followed by upper lateral incisors and lower central incisors between 10 to 40 year old age groups, and there was no signigicant difference in the rest of the age groups. There was no significant difference in sex distribution, which was 49.5% for males and 50.4% for females. The number of the upper anterior teeth was 74.3% of all the specimens and the lower anterior 25.7%, and 40.6% of all the specimens were upper central incisors.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.326-331
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• 2012

Purpose: Length measurement from maxillary anterior teeth root tip to nasal floor is incorrect in panoramic radiography. Comparison of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography should be helpful in determining the vertical length. Methods: Sixty nine patients were taken CBCT and panoramic radiography of the maxillary anterior. First measurement is length of parallel lines from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on CBCT. Second measurement is length of perpendicular lines from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on CBCT. Third measurement is length from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on panoramic radiographys. Results: In the first measurement of the maxillary central incisors, an average of $11.36{\pm}2.49$ mm in males and $10.49{\pm}2.17$ mm in females. In the second measurement of the maxillary central incisors, $10.41{\pm}2.42$ mm in males and $9.18{\pm}2.08$ mm in females. In the third measurement of the maxillary central incisors, $10.71{\pm}2.20$ mm in males and $9.27{\pm}2.10$ mm in females. In the first measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, an average of $13.40{\pm}2.04$ mm in males and $11.96{\pm}2.20$ mm in females. In the second measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, $11.25{\pm}1.82$ mm in males and $10.06{\pm}1.68$ mm in females. In the third measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, $11.47{\pm}2.01$ mm in males and $10.13{\pm}1.70$ mm in females. Conclusion: The vertical length from root tip to nasal floor was longer in male than female (P>0.05). First measurement was longer than third measurement (P<0.05). This is the actual placement of the implant site measured on the vertical length than the length of the panorama means that there are a few more free. The first measurement was longer than 114% over the third measurement.