• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제56권3호
• /
• pp.46-59
• /
• 2023

풍납토성에서는 미래마을부지 마-1호 건물지를 비롯하여 백제 지상식 건물지가 여럿 확인되었다. 그러나 기와가 건물지와 직접적으로 관련되어 출토된 건물지는 마-1호 건물지가 유일하다. 마-1호 건물지와 비견되는 마-2호 건물지와 라-1호·2호 건물지 등의 경우에는 적심시설 및 건물 구조로 보건데 지붕에 기와가 올라갔을 가능성이 매우 높은 건물지라 하겠다. 비록 반지하식의 수혈건물지일지라도 내외부 기와 출토상황상 가-30호 수혈건물지나 현대아파트부지 가-5호 주거지 혹은 지상식에 가까운 경당지구 44호 유구처럼 지붕에 전면 즙와가 아닌 부분즙와의 형태로 기와건물이 조성되었을 수도 있다. 지붕에 기와를 사용한 초기 배경에는 여러 이유가 있을 수 있으나 주요한 배경으로는 건물의 위세적 기능이 우선적으로 고려되었을 것으로 여겨진다. 중국과 일본에서 궁전, 사찰, 예제성 건축물(禮制性 建築物) 등 국가적으로 중요한 건물에 기와를 사용하기 시작한 사례로 보아, 백제도 중앙집권화된 시점부터는 적극 사용하였을 것으로 추정된다. 백제 초기 기와건물은 대형화된 건물을 염두에 두고 화재예방과 구조적 안정성을 고려한 결과, 초보적 주거 건축기술에서 고도화된 공공 건축기술로의 변화가 뒤따라오게 된 것으로 여겨진다. 특히 미래 마-1호 건물지는 고대(高臺)나 지하초석과 같은 구조적인 특징상 국내에 유사사례를 찾아보기 힘들고, 오히려 중국과 일본에서 유사 기술을 사용한 중요 건축물을 찾아볼 수 있다. 중국에서는 주로 장안성 등 궁전 주변에 조성된 예제성 건축물에서 유사 건축기술을 발견할 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 보면 마-1호 건물지 등 현재까지 발견된 기와 건물지는 예제성 건축물 성격과 매우 관련 있어 보이며, 라-1호·2호 건물지와 같은 지상식 건물은 국영 창고와 관련된 중요 시설물로 공공시설물과 연계되어 백제 초기의 도성구조와 관련하여 많은 시사점을 주고 있다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2001

This paper reports on an theoretical study of heat transfer from evaporative cooling system by the flow of recirculated water over the roof. In this system tile water is distributed at the top of the pitched roof, collected at the bottom by a gutter and recirculated by a pump. To analysis the system, the energy balance equations are developed and solved using a finite difference method. The calculation results show a good agreement with the measured ones obtained from our experiment. Based on the results, it was seen that the roof-evaporative cooling system reduced the heat flux significantly compared with the conventional roof structure even in the hot-humid summer climate of Korea.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.39-56
• /
• 2007

This study is conservation works trend since 1900. Objects for study are National Treasures and Treasures in Buddhism, in wooden architecture. And researched about the factor of conservation works, roof and tile, painting and dissolution conservation works cycle by dissolution, timber change ratio. The factor of conservation works is the most, roof and tile. Conservation works cycle by dissolution is 12.8 years. Painting cycle is 16.3 years. There are two concepts of conservation works, that is restoration and preservation. There are many restoration before 1960's. To 1960's the preservation to be many to 1970's many Restoration. And since the end of 1970's is Preservation. These reasons are conservation works history of object, the rule for Heritage protection, people on works, and study of architecture. history.

• Design & Manufacturing
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2023

This study aims to enhance the price and quality competitiveness of imported tiles by developing a robotic tile production automation line. The development process involved several steps, such as requirement analysis, derivation of technical specifications, conceptual design, engineering feasibility review, detailed design, and production. Emphasis was placed on the transfer process of the tiles' molds, and technological advancements were achieved through engineering interpretation, feasibility review, and performance evaluation. The developed automation system incorporates key specifications to ensure a transfer success rate of over 90%, thereby ensuring stable transportation of the tiles and minimizing defect rates during production. The maximum weight capacity for tile pick-up was set above 6 kg, allowing effective handling of tiles weighing 6 kg or less in automated tasks. Furthermore, the system enables safe and precise movement of the tiles to the desired location, with a transfer distance of at least 1.3 m and a transfer speed exceeding 0.2 m/sec, thereby increasing production efficiency.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2020

In the ancient Buddhist temple area, various metal artifacts are still excavated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to approach the characteristics of ancient architecture through ancient metal artifacts. First, metal decoration of ancient architecture appears for the purpose of structure, decoration, arson. Then, as the method of wood structure is developed, the application is separated into structural, functional and decorative purposes. In ancient times, metal decoration has reduced the role of structure, but its decorative role has expanded. Second, various metallic ornaments were used on the roof of ancient architecture. As the wooden technology developed, the metal decoration was gradually omitted while applying the curve to the roof. Third, the metal ornaments used on the roof of ancient architectures include the ridge central decoration, roof top decoration, a nine-ring decoration, gable board Ornamental Metal, corner flower decoration, eaves nail, wind bell. And subsequent research requires a terminology that can link the results of archeology and Buddhist art through excavation as a result of architecture.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.186-187
• /
• 2014

The principal government building of Kyungsanbuk-do was designed to show korean traditional architecture with tile-roofed house to reflect the image of Kyungsangbuk-do as the province of traditional culture. The roof of korean traditional architecture is the most importanat part that distinguishes the design character of a building and is important to determine degree of completion. As this is so, in the design phase, we reviewes the design documents about the proportional and slope of the roof, durability and sizes of component material and the structure of eaves. In the construction phase, it was required to cooperated with specialists of traditional architecture for realization of traditional beauty of the buildings as designed.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제24권
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 2008

서천 추동리 문화유적내 토과목관묘에서 출토된 숯과 인근의 기와가마에서 연료로 사용되었던 나무의 숯을 채취하여 수종을 식별하고 각각의 흡습성과 가스 흡착성을 비교하였다. 총 23점의 숯 시료에 대해서 수종을 식별한 결과 토광목관묘에서 출토된 12점의 숯은 모두 활엽수 숯으로 9점이 참나무속의 상수리나무아속 계통, 3점이 팽나무속 숯인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편 기와가마에서 출토된 11점의 숯은 모두 침엽수로 경송류의 소나무류인 것으로 식별되었다. 출토 숯의 물리적 성질을 조사한 결과 토광목관묘의 활엽수 숯이 기와가마의 소나무류 숯보다 높은 흡습성을 나타냈으며 에틸렌 가스 흡착 시험에서도 상수리나무아속 숯이 소나무류 숯보다 높은 가스 흡착성을 보였다. 토광목관묘 유구에 활엽수 숯을 사용한 이유는 침엽수 숯에 비하여 활엽수 숯이 미세 세공이 많고 비표면적이 넓어 수분과 가스 흡착력이 우수하여 묘광 내에 보다 양질의 매장 환경을 조성할 수 있기 때문으로 판단된다. 한편, 기와가마에서 소나무류를 연료로 사용한 이유는 비중이 작아 재질이 연하여 연소가 잘되고 특히 재내에 다량의 수지(송진)를 함유하고 있어 발열량이 높고 비교적 화력 조절이 용이했기 때문으로 판단된다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.495-510
• /
• 2007

Wind pressure data have been collected on the tiled roof of a full-scale test house at Silsoe in the UK. The tiled roof was of conventional UK construction with a batten-space and bitumen-felt underlay beneath the interlocking concrete tiles. Pressures were monitored on the outer surface of selected tiles, at several locations within the batten-space, and beneath the underlay. Data were collected both with and without ventilator tiles installed on the roof. Little information appears to exist on the share of wind load between tiles and underlays which creates uncertainty in the design of both components. The present study has found that for the critical design case of maximum uplifts it would be appropriate to assign 85% of the net roof load to the tiles and 15% to the underlay when an internal pressure coefficient of -0.3 is used, and to assign 60% to the tiles and 50% to the underlay when an internal pressure coefficient of +0.2 is assumed (an element of design conservatism is inherent in the apparent 110% net loading indicated by the latter pair of percentage values). These findings indicate that compared with loads implied by BS 6399-2, UK design loads for underlay are currently conservative by 25% whilst tile loads are unconservative by around 20% in ridge and general regions and by around 45% in edge regions on average over roof slopes of $15^{\circ}-60^{\circ}$.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.603-610
• /
• 2007

Recent urban sprawl has destroyed various kinds of green space in tile city. It has affected duality of people's life in the city, as well as urban ecosystem. Recent study shows the possibilities of roofs as green spaces in urban central site where the land costs are generally high. This research focuses on Jung-Gu district in Daegu Metropolitan city as a study area and calculates possible area of green roof using 2002 Autocad program based on aerial photographs and land registration maps. And the purpose of this research is to analyze environmental and economic effects of green roof. The environmental effects are as follows. It is expected that $91,106m^2$ green spaces, 12.13 % of study site, will be added if green roof is performed in the study site. It is assumed that the expanded areas could reduce the highest temperature to $0.5-1.0^{\circ}C$ during the summer in terms of environmental effect. And the following shows the economic effects. If green roof and greening urban central site are created as a same size of $91,106m^2$, it will be expected that the costs of green roof will be much more in-expensive than about 98 billions won. It will be also found that the expense of cooling energy can be saved out about 8 millions won per day in summer, if grass planting is accomplished on the possible areas of green roof in the study site. Therefore, it is desirable to take legal supports such as enacting regulations to activate green roof for more environmental and economic effects. For instance, green roof for public institutions, school and model area selection are desirable method to publicize the effect of greening program for citizen's participation.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.23-39
• /
• 2011

The Sungnyemun roofing tiles were twice disassembled for maintenance work, in 1963 and 1997, and modern tiles were applied in 1997. However, besides differing in visual appearance, the modern tiles had distinctly different physical properties. A study has been carried out on 22 different tiles, including original Sungnyemun tiles, modern tiles applied during maintenance, traditional tiles made by tile-makers, and others, to examine their physical properties, such as bending strength, frost resistance, absorption, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, chromaticity, differential thermal analysis, and other characteristics. Since the method of making modern tiles involves compressing clay in a vacuum, modern tiles showed relatively greater bending strength and specific gravity, while Sungnyemun tiles and those made by tile-makers, in comparison, demonstrated less bending strength and specific gravity owing to their production method of 'treading,' in which clay is mixed by having someone tread upon it repeatedly. Over time, the absorption rate of the original tile used for Sungyemun gradually decreased from 21% to 14.7%; traditional tiles from tile-makers showed absorption rates of 17%, while the absorption rate of modern tiles was just 1%, which is significantly low. As for frost resistance, Sungnyemun tiles and traditional tiles from tile-makers showed cracking and exfoliation after being subjected to testing 4 or 5 times, while slight cracking was seen on the surface for modern tiles after 1ngy, or 3 times. In other words, no significant difference from influence by frost was found. According to the results of differential thermal analysis, the plastic temperature was shown to have been no less than 1, $on^{\circ}C$ for all types of tile, and cristobalite was measuredthrough XRD analysis from a Sungnyemun female tile applied during maintenance in 1963, which appeared to have been plasticized at between $1,200^{\circ}C{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$. Based on these research results on the physical properties of tiles from the Sungnyemun roof, a fundamental production method for tiles to be applied in the restoration of Sungnyemun has been identified.