• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.214-217
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• 2008

An fire simulator has been developed for examining possibility of future engineering applications in the fire research field. This system composed of workstation on XP OS and HMD(Head Mounted Display) and visualized 3D walk-through type virtual reality graphics inside a tunnel in case of fire. By using a joystick and a viewpoint tracer, subjects can be experience interactive changes occurred both in graphics and surrounding sound.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2019

This study evaluated the fire detection performance of an automatic fire extinguishing system for road tunnels, which combines flame wavelength detection technology with flame image detection technology. This fusion technique to improve the fire detection capability can reduce the damage caused by the fire suppression by locating the fire source in the fire and discharging the pressurized water only at the fire source. Experiments were conducted to determine the position of a fire source when a $70cm{\times}70cm$ target was placed at a distance of 15 m, 20 m, 25 m, 30 m, and 35 m, respectively, in a situation where there is a flame and smoke in a tunnel. The performance of the ultraviolet and triple wavelength infrared (IR3) sensors was attenuated due to the interference of thick smoke. In addition when the flame was blocked by thick smoke, the image sensor sensed the smoke and emitted a fire signal.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.629-636
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• 2022

Domestic eco-friendly vehicles currently account for 5.8% of the total registered vehicles in Korea. Hydrogen vehicles, one of the representative eco-friendly vehicles, have grown rapidly as they have been expanded to the market based on the government's policy to boost the hydrogen industry. Therefore, it is time to expand the safety review of hydrogen vehicles in various directions according to the increase in supply. In this study, the effect of internal heat damage was analyzed when a jet flame was generated by a hydrogen car in a road tunnel. It was simulated using Fluent, and the amount of jet flame injection was selected in consideration of the hydrogen tank capacity of commercial hydrogen vehicles for road tunnels. In addition, the study was conducted with the direction of the jet flame and the nozzle distance from the tunnel wall as variables. From the results, when the jet flame erupted in the road tunnel, high radiant heat emission of more than 20 kW/m² was generated in most areas within ±5 m in the longitudinal direction based on the vehicle (spray nozzle) and 5 to 7 m in the lateral direction based on the adjacent tunnel wall.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.485-488
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• 2008

Fire intensity in tunnel fire is very severe, which might cause the spalling on the surface of shotcrete and concrete lining exposed to the heat as well as rapidly-reducing stress due to heat transfer by steel material such as anchor embedded in tunnel which plays the critical role in securing the stability of the tunnel. In this study, a fire test to identity the heat intensity(Modifired Hydrocarbon Curve) and the fire resistance of steel materials embedded as parameters, was carried out. And the evaluation to identify the thermal damage, which was based on critical temperature range for thermal damage of steel materials determined according to the road tunnel fire resistance standard established by ITA(International Tunneling Association).

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2002

Recently, the construction of tunnels longer than one kilometer has increased rapidly. Considering characteristic of limiting structure of longer tunnel, if fires inside tunnel broke out because of vehicle incidents, the catastroph would have high possibility to take place due to toxic smoke and heat of fire. In case of highway tunnel, safety facilities which can cope with tunnel fire are installed in the tunnel but according to rapid increase of heavy good traffic, dangerous goods and enlargement of tunnel magnitude, the research has to carry out about heat fluxes and smoke behaviour during tunnel fire. Therefore, through full-sized fire experiment the paper analyzed temperature distribution, wind velocity, smoke behaviour during tunnel fire.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2009

The thermo-flow field in road tunnel is influenced by some facts such as piston effect of vehicle's move, operation of ventilation facilities, natural wind and buoyancy effect of fire plume. Among those, piston effect is one of primary causes for formation of air flow in road tunnel and has an effect on initial direction of smoke flow in tunnel fire. In this study to analyze the unsteady flow in the tunnel caused by the run of vehicle, the experimental study of vehicle-induced unsteady flow on a reduced-scale model tunnel is presented. While the three types of vehicle shape such as basic type of rectangular shape, diamond-head type and stair-tail type are changed, the pressure and air velocity variations with time are measured. The rising ratio of pressure and velocity are in order of "basic type of rectangular shape > stair-tail type > diamond-head type". The experimental results would be good data for development of a numerical method on the vehicle-induced unsteady tunnel flow.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.341-351
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• 2015

When rainfall occurred on road tunnel, that is likely to have influence upon ventilation force in the tunnels but the tunnels ventilation system did not consider factors of rainfall. Thus, this study investigated effects of rainfall upon ventilation force in the tunnels at no rainfall and changing of rainfall by 3 dimensional numerical method. Flow rate into road tunnels decreased as many as 52.34% at rainfall of 150 mm/hr, and pressure drop of road tunnel between entrance and exit decreased as many as 22.22%, so that rainfall had influence upon ventilation force in the tunnel. The number of necessary jet fan in road tunnels is 12 at no rainfall but, when rainfall of 80 mm/hr on road tunnels, the number of necessary jet fan in road tunnels is 16, when rainfall of 150 mm/hr on road tunnels, the number of necessary jet fan in road tunnels is 17. So, factor of rainfall should be considered at estimation of ventilation system of road tunnel.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 2024

As the distribution of vehicles and logistics increases due to the development of human civilization and the increase in population, various roads play an important role in domestic traffic and transportation. However, the recent emergence of large cities and new cities is causing traffic problems, and the increase in roads is inevitable for the smooth distribution of vehicles and logistics. In Korea, mountainous regions occupy 70% of the country, so tunnels are used to open roads. Without this, it is difficult to open the road. Currently, there are 3,720tunnels (as of December 31, 2023) installed on high-speed national highways, general national highways, and local roads nationwide, with a length of 2.499 and increasing every year. Accordingly, fire accidents in tunnels will also increase, and due to the nature of tunnel fire accidents, there is a high probability that they will escalate into large-scale disasters, resulting in casualties and property damage, as well as significant social losses due to the disruption of logistics transportation, etc. As the possibility of potential hazards is increasing, the purpose of this study is to build a safe and efficient tunnel system by optimizing maintenance and management for fire and disaster accidents in tunnels.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.121-139
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• 2023

Various tunnels such as road, subway, and railway are under construction and operation. Various types of linings are used for structural stability of tunnel structures, and concrete segment linings are mainly installed in TBM tunnel construction. In this paper, when a fire occurs in a tunnel, the impact on the concrete segment lining, which is the structure in the tunnel, and related standards, fire resistance evaluation and fire resistance method are investigated through literature review and related contents are presented. Through this, it is intended to provide an information for practitioners to secure the safety of concrete segment linings against tunnel fires.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.887-895
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• 2019

Recently, the number of underground road development projects has been increasing to solve traffic problems in the national capital region and metropolitan areas with intensified overcrowding, and there has been a tendency to plan underground roads by applying a double-deck tunnel technology that has advantages in constructability and economical efficiency. The double-deck tunnel has a structure where one excavation section is divided into two parts and used as up and down lines, and is mainly used as a road for small vehicles only due to its low floor height. In addition, due to the small cross-sectional area, it has characteristics different from those of general road tunnels in terms of ventilation and disaster prevention. In this regard, this study proposed an operational plan that applies an oversized exhaust system, which is one of semi-transverse ventilation systems, to small cross-sectional tunnels like double-deck tunnel with low floor height, and a comparative analysis between smoke exhaust characteristics according to the fire occurrence locations and oversized exhaust systems was conducted using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The results showed that unlike uniform exhaust, intensive smoke exhaust using the oversized exhaust port maximized the delay effect of smoke diffusion and limited the smoke within 50 m above and below the fire point.