• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was prepared for investigating the clinical features of stroke patients. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 75 patients who were admitted to Department of Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Won University with a diagnosis of stroke from Jan. 1, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2005. Results : Ischemic stroke(include TIA, 93.3%) was more common than hemorrhagic stroke(6.7%). The incidence in male was 36.0%, in female was 64.0% and the most prevalent age group is over-sixties. Cerebral infarction was most frequently noticed in MCA-infarction and hemorrhage in putamen & thalamus. Hypertention, the most preceding diseases, followed by diabetes mellitus and CVA. The rate of recurrence was 21.3%. Cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage was much occurred after rising. The most patients visited the hospital within 24 Hours. The most common symptoms in admission time were motor weakness and speech disorder. The complication was mostly urinary tract inflamation. Conclusions : Our study on CVA patients was similar to previous studies from 1994 to 2004. In most cases, western and oriental treatment and medicine were given synthetically.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was prepared for investigating the clinical features of stroke patients. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 102 patients who were admitted to Department of Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Won University with a diagnosis of stroke from Jan. 1, 2004 to Dec. 31, 2004. Results : Ischemic stroke(include TIA, 82.4%) was more common than hemorrhagic stroke(17.6%). The incidence in male was 41.2%, in female was 17.6% and the most prevalent age group is over-sixties. Cerebral infarction was most frequently noticed in lacunar-infarction and hemorrhage in putamen. Hypertention, the most preceding diseases, followed by diabetes mellitus and CVA. The rate of recurrence was 27.45%. Cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage was much occurred after rising. The most patients visited the hospital within 24 Hours. The most common symptoms in admission time were motor weakness and speech disorder. The complication was mostly mental disorder. Conclusion : Our study on CVA patients was similar to previous studies from 1994 to 2003. In most cases, western and oriental treatment and medicine were given synthetically.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4D
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• pp.553-560
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• 2008

As it was developed to korea standard of the CAD Drawing in Construction CALS/EC for the productivity Improvement in Construction Industry and efficiency rising of construction management. it is high time to design the standard system in water resources. The purpose of this study is to establish the strategies for standard system of drawing information in water Resources parts for construction CALS/EC. This study is to analyse the existing construction drawing standards including CMS, CMMS, drawing guideline of a water Resources public institution, ISO, US National CAD Standard, Japanese Standard. As a result of the analysis, this study proposes the prime structure of the water Resources drawing information standard to support construction CALS/EC. For the establishment of standard system in real practice, this study establishes the numbering system to joint the current standard system for a water Resources order institution and to keep construction CALS/EC. In conclusion, the standard system of drawing information is proposed as a fundamental frame to water Resources parts of construction CALS/EC.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2009

The thermo-flow field in road tunnel is influenced by some facts such as piston effect of vehicle's move, operation of ventilation facilities, natural wind and buoyancy effect of fire plume. Among those, piston effect is one of primary causes for formation of air flow in road tunnel and has an effect on initial direction of smoke flow in tunnel fire. In this study to analyze the unsteady flow in the tunnel caused by the run of vehicle, the experimental study of vehicle-induced unsteady flow on a reduced-scale model tunnel is presented. While the three types of vehicle shape such as basic type of rectangular shape, diamond-head type and stair-tail type are changed, the pressure and air velocity variations with time are measured. The rising ratio of pressure and velocity are in order of "basic type of rectangular shape > stair-tail type > diamond-head type". The experimental results would be good data for development of a numerical method on the vehicle-induced unsteady tunnel flow.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.267-292
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• 2023

In this paper, we estimate a time series model of energy demand in the industrial sector with an asymmetric response to energy prices. Including the asymmetric response to energy prices in the model strengthens robustness of the cointegration relationship and reduces the variation of the estimated coefficients across the estimating methods. We find that rising energy prices have a larger impact on energy demand than falling energy prices, with the largest impact occurring when energy prices rise to new highs. The estimation results are partially improved when using gross output rather than value added as a measure of production. Using single equation methods to estimate the asymmetric response model, the elasticity of gross output ranged from 1.05 to 1.09 and the elasticity of price-rise ranged from -0.48 to -0.56, which is similar to the results of international studies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic (the form of coronaviruses) developed at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly to almost every corner of the world. It has infected around 25,334,339 of the world population by the end of September 1, 2020 [1] . It has been spreading ever since, and the peak specific to every country has been rising and falling and does not seem to be over yet. Currently, the conventional RT-PCR testing is required to detect COVID-19, but the alternative method for data archiving purposes is certainly another choice for public departments to make. Researchers are trying to use medical images such as X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) to easily diagnose the virus with the aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based software. Method: This review paper provides an investigation of a newly emerging machine-learning method used to detect COVID-19 from X-ray images instead of using other methods of tests performed by medical experts. The facilities of computer vision enable us to develop an automated model that has clinical abilities of early detection of the disease. We have explored the researchers' focus on the modalities, images of datasets for use by the machine learning methods, and output metrics used to test the research in this field. Finally, the paper concludes by referring to the key problems posed by identifying COVID-19 using machine learning and future work studies. Result: This review's findings can be useful for public and private sectors to utilize the X-ray images and deployment of resources before the pandemic can reach its peaks, enabling the healthcare system with cushion time to bear the impact of the unfavorable circumstances of the pandemic is sure to cause

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.63-85
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• 2023

This study aims to identify the primary user group in the growing metaverse space based on the increased interest during the COVID-19 era. It also aims to explore the predictive factors for metaverse adoption. To predict online activities, the study examined user purposes, motivations, and relevant demographic factors as predictive variables through model analysis. The data from the Korean Media Panel Survey were used, and a two-stage analysis with the Heckman two-stage sample selection model was conducted to predict metaverse users. The analysis revealed that the key factors influencing metaverse adoption were offline activities, openness, OTT usage, and purchasing of paid content. Moreover, in the second stage model, openness, gender, and paid content purchases were identified as significant variables for increasing metaverse usage time. These results indicate that understanding metaverse users is essential in the context of the rising interest in online activities during the COVID-19 era and can provide valuable insights for metaverse platform-related companies and developers.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2024

Background: The study was carried out to analyze the temporal changes of trade-offs (TOs) between two ecosystem services (ESs) before and after thinning in a Pinus koraiensis plantation on Mt. Gari from 2006 to 2021. As target variables, aboveground carbon (AGC) storage and species richness (SR) were chosen for regulating and supporting services. Thinning was applied from 2007 through 2008 with three treatments: 1) light thinning (LT), 2) heavy thinning (HT), and 3) control (Con). Results: Thinning influenced both AGC and SR. In 2021, AGC in the Con (111.1 t C ha^-1) was significantly higher compared to the LT (82.0 t C ha^-1) and HT (60.4 t C ha^-1) after thinning from 2007 to 2008. Also, SR was marginally higher in the LT (94 species) than in the Con (55 species) and HT (87 species) in 2011. Relative benefits of AGC and SR showed similar trends with the obtained values. In addition, the effects of thinning on TO varied among treatments and over time, demonstrating different degrees of TO between the two ESs. In the LT, TO was 0.13 in 2006 and slightly increased to 0.2 by 2021. TO in the HT exhibited a relatively rapid increase from 0.22 in 2006 to 0.58 by 2021, while To in the Con fluctuated, rising to 0.36 in 2011 from 0.1 in 2006 and decreasing to 0.25 by 2021. Among the three treatments, the degree of TOs between the two ESs was the lowest in the LT. Conclusions: Depending on thinning intensities, the responses of ESs and the degree of TOs vary. Regarding the balance between enhancements and TOs in ESs among treatments, the LT treatment showing intermediate carbon storage, higher SR, and lower TOs will be a proper silvicultural application.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2008

The purpose of the HLW deep geological disposal is to isolate and to delay the radioactive material release to human beings and the environment for a long time so that the toxicity does not affect to the environment. The main requirements for the HLW repository design is to keep the buffer temperature below $100\;^{\circ}C$ in order to maintain its integrity. So the cooling time of spent fuels discharged from the nuclear power plant is the key consideration factors for efficiency and economic feasibility of the repository. The disposal tunnel/disposal hole spacing, the disposal area and thermal capacity required for the deep geological repository layout which satisfies the temperature requirement of the disposal system is analyzed to set the optimized spent fuels cooling time. To do this, based on the reference disposal concept, thermal stability analyses of the disposal system have been performed and the derived results have been compared by setting the spent fuels cooling time and the disposal tunnel/disposal hole spacing in various ways. From these results, desirable spent fuels cooling time in view of disposal area is derived. The results shows that the time reaching the maximum temperature within the design limit of the temperature in the disposal site is likely shortened as the cooling time of spent fuels becomes short. Also it seems that the temperature-rising and-dropping patterns in the disposal site are of smoothly varying form as the cooling time of spent fuels becomes long. In addition, it is revealed that a desirable cooling time of spent fuels is approximately 40-50 years when spent fuels are supposedly disposed in the deep geological disposal site with its structural scale under consideration in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.3-31
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• 1997

Water has always played a significant role in the lives of people. In urbanised Rome, with its million people. sophisticated supply systems developed and then fled with the empire. only to be rediscovered later But it was the industrial Revolution commencing in the eighteenth century that ushered in major paradigm shifts In use and altitudes towards water. Rapid and concentrated urbanisation brought problems of expanded demands for drinking supplies, waste management and disease. The strategy of using water from local streams, springs and village wells collapsed under the onslaughts of rising urban demands and pollution due to poor waste disposal practices. Expanding travel (railways. and steamships) aided the spread of disease. In England. public health crises peaks, related to water-borne typhoid and the three major cholera outbreaks occurred in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century respectively. Technological, engineering and institutional responses were successful in solving the public health problem. it is generally accepted that the putting of water into pipe networks both for a clean drinking supply, as well as using it as a transport medium for removal of human and other wastes, played a significant role in towering death rates due to waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid towards the end of the nineteenth century. Today, similar principles apply. A recent World Bank report Indicates that there can be upto 76％ reduction in illness when major water and sanitation improvements occur in developing countries. Water management, technology and thinking in Australia were relatively stable in the twentieth century up to the mid to late 1970s. Groundwater sources were investigated and developed for towns and agriculture. Dams were built, and pipe networks extended both for supply and waste water management. The management paradigms in Australia were essentially extensions of European strategies with the minor adaptions due to climate and hydrogeology. During the 1970s and 1980s in Australia, it was realised increasingly that a knowledge of groundwater and hydrogeological processes were critical to pollution prevention, the development of sound waste management and the problems of salinity. Many millions of dollars have been both saved and generated as a consequence. This is especially in relation to domestic waste management and the disposal of aluminium refinery waste in New South Wales. Major institutional changes in public sector water management are occurring in Australia. Upheveals and change have now reached ail states in Australia with various approaches being followed. Market thinking, corporatisation, privatisation, internationalisation, downsizing and environmental pressures are all playing their role in this paradigm shift. One casualty of this turmoil is the progressive erosion of the public sector skillbase and this may become a serious issue should a public health crisis occur such as a water borne disease. Such crises have arisen over recent times. A complete rethink of the urban water cycle is going on right now in Australia both at the State and Federal level. We are on the threshold of significant change in how we use and manage water, both as a supply and a waste transporter in Urban environments especially. Substantial replacement of the pipe system will be needed in 25 to 30 years time and this will cost billions of dollars. The competition for water between imgation needs and environmental requirements in Australia and overseas will continue to be an issue in rural areas. This will be especially heightened by the rising demand for irrigation produced food as the world's population grows. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in the emerging S.E Asian countries are currently producing considerable demands for water management skills and Infrastructure development. This trend e expected to grow. There are also severe water shortages in the Middle East to such an extent that wars may be fought over water issues. Environmental public health crises and shortages will help drive the trends.