• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

To know the structural difference between the ray parenchyma and ray tracheid among Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi, an observation was carried out under the FE-SEM. The longest ray parenchyma and ray tracheid were found in Pinus koraiensis species while the shortest ray tracheid and ray parenchyma were found in Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi. Larix kaempferi had more than one endwall pit in its ray parenchyma. Pinus densiflora was found highest in the pit aperture diameter in ray tracheid and aperture diameter in the cross-field pit. The pit border width in ray tracheid and lumen diameter of ray parenchyma were found highest in Pinus rigida. The cell wall thickness of ray parenchyma and pit aperture diameter in endwall pit of ray tracheid were found highest in Pinus koraiensis compared to other species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1967

In the present experiment the amino acid composition in the pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida and methbolic changes of the composition occurring in germinating pollen were examined by the method of paper chromatography. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. The mature pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida contained 12.00%, 13.19% crude protein respectively and sixteen protein-constituting amino acids and three unknowns were detected on the chromatogram. 2. Main components of the protein-constituting amino acids were leucines, valine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. 3. The free amino acids such as leucines, valine, tyrosine, alanine and glutamic acid increased evidently during germination of the pine pollen.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

Flowering time of Pinus rigida Mill and Pinus taeda L, in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard was investigated for five years from 1971 through 1975. The two tree species flowered during late April to early May at the observation site, Flowering patterns of the two species of different sex of the same species changed yearly during the five observation years. Floral development of the two species appeared to depend largely on temperature factor during the period of the initiation of floral organs up to flowering provided that other environmental factors are normal. Six-days difference in flowing time between female inflorescence of pitch (flower later) and male inflorescence of loblolly (flower earlier) pines effectively isolated the two species reproductively on population levels. Not all of selected trees of the two species for their synchronized flowering appeared to be useful as parental trees for the establishment of $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards. With the result from this investigation the author suggested to use a modified simple recurrent selection method for pitch-loblolly hybrid pine breeding.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2015

In previous study, VOC emission characteristics of coating materials for wood finishing were conducted and results showed that eco-friendly products has about 15~46% lower TVOC emission than typical products. In this study, lower TVOC emitted coating materials were applied on pine and then changes of VOC emission characteristics from pine with treatments were determined. Non-treated pine emitted $604.7{\mu}g/m^2h$ of TVOC that contained 66% of NVOC ($399.7{\mu}g/m^2h$). However, $V_2$ finished pine showed no NVOC emission rather than AVOC emission that consisted of Toluene, Ethylbenzene, m,p-Xylene, o-Xylene, 1,2,4- Trimethylbenzene. All coating materials inhibited ${\alpha}$-Pinene emission which originally from pine, but waterborne stain ($W_1$ and $W_3$) showed lower disruption of that emission. Moreover, $W_3$/wood showed higher NVOC emission such as ${\alpha}$-Terpinol, Terpinen-4-ol which are known as antioxidant substrates. Based on results, VOC emission characteristic of pine was significantly affected by coating materials with negatively in terms of ${\alpha}$-Pinene emission or positively in terms of NVOC emission. Therefore, coating material is important factor for indoor air quality when it would apply on wood products. For the future study, VOC emission characteristic of coated wood will be conducted continuously.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

Mass loss and dynamics of mineral nutrient during decomposition of deciduous leaves and 3 species of needles were investigated for 38 months from October in 1992 to November in 1995 in Kwangneung, Korea. After 38 months, the remaining mass of deciduous leaves, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida and Abies holophylla was 16.2%, 29.8%, 33.5% and 53.9%, respectively. The decay rate (k) of deciduous leaves, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida and Abies holophylla was 0.61, 0.40, 0.37, $0.21yr^{-1}$, respectively. The lowest decay rate in fir needle might be, in part, due to low N concentration. N concentration of the decomposing litter increased during the experimental period except for P. rigida. Deciduous leaves showed a short immobilization period during the early stage of decomposition, and big-cone pine and pitch pine had no immobilization period. However, there was no net N mineralization in fir litter. P increased during the experimental period for all litter. Except for deciduous leaves, there was no net mineralization period. In case of deciduous leaves, however, remaining P after 38 months was 53% of the initial P capital. Remaining cations of the decomposing litter after 38 months were lower than those of initial contents.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.72-76
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• 1991

The new preparative separation techneque of dihydroquercetin (2, 3-trans-dihdroxy-3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxydihydroflavonol) was investigated by liquid chromatography. Also some typical coniferous wood bark were examined for the sources of dihydroquercetin. The good sources of dihydroquercetin were Douglas-fir[Pseudotsuga menziesii] bark and pitch pine [Pinus rigida] bark. There is no dependance the produced place and species dihyroquercetin which is separated by silica-gel column chromatography was taken with white needle-like crystals. This crystals were very stable in the humidity and on the light. It also can stored very long without derivatives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.258-266
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop a carbon storage distribution map of Pinus rigida stands in Muju-gun by using of the National Forest Inventory data and digital forest map. The relationships between the stand variables such as height, age, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown density and aboveground biomass of Pinus rigida were analyzed. The results showed that the crown density had the highest positive correlation with a value of 0.74 followed by the height variable with value of 0.61. The aboveground biomass regression models were developed to estimate biomass and carbon storage map. The results of this study showed that the average carbon storage was 58.2 ton C/ha while the total carbon stock of rigida pine forests in Muju area was estimated to be 430,963 C ton.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2002

Nail withdrawal tests were conducted on clear wood of domestic small diameter logs. Nails were driven into the cross and longitudinal sections of each specimen, then nail withdrawal tests were performed. Nail withdrawal loads are strongly dependent on the direction of nail positions. The average load values for the nail withdrawal both in cross section and longitudinal section are higher in high specific gravity (SG) wood of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) than those in low SG wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.). The average ratio of the nail withdrawal loads for side-grain and end-grain are higher in the low SG wood than that in the high SG of wood. Both linear and non-linear regression analyses were conducted on nail withdrawal load with SG, good correlations were obtained between nail withdrawal load and SG.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 1994

To elucidate the cause of growth decline of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in Seoul, tree density, tree age and physico-chemical properties of soils were investigated at 33 sites of pitch pine forests in metropolitan Seoul, its vicinity and rural areas. The physical properties of soils except for soil texture in Seoul did not differ from those in rural areas. pH values, base saturation, and Ca and Mg contents of soils in Seoul, however, were significantly lower than those in suburbs and rural areas. In contrast, soluble Al and $S0_4^{2-}-S$ contents in Seoul were higher than those in rural areas. Low pH of forest soils in Seoul and suburbs seems to be caused by acid deposition. According to multiple regression analysis, growth of pitch pine in Seoul was affected by several factors in the following order: soil bulk density < Al content of soils < tree density < Mg contents of soil < tree age. We concluded that the acidification of forest soil can be a predisposing factor for the growth decline of pitch pine in metropolitan areas.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2007

This study was carried out to scrutinize possibility of manufacturing pitch pine (Pinus rigida) glued laminated timber in order to add values of pitch pine trees. Also, it was investigated to improve bending performance of pitch pine glulam. Pitch pine was imported as one of major plantation species in Korean peninsula. Machine stress rated grades of pitch pine lumber mostly ranged between E7 and E9. which grades were more or less inferior to producing high quality glulam. However, the adhesive properties between pitch pine and pitch pine, and between pitch pine and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr.), such as shear bond strength, wood failure rate and de-lamination rate of bonded layer submerged in cold and boiling water, were higher than Korean Standard criteria. These properties are essential for manufacturing glulam with single species or multiple species. The modulus of rupture (MOR) of pitch pine glulam exceeded the criterion of Korean Standard for glulam strength grade but modulus of elasticity (MOE) was lower than the criterion. On the other hand, the bending performances (MOR and MOE) were improved 20 percent by mixing with Japanese larch laminar. It is effective to arrange higher quality Japanese larch laminar at the outer layer of glulam for improving bending performances. In conclusion, it is possible to use low quality pitch pine as laminar of structural glulam for adding values of pitch pine.