• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.667-676
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of cellulolytic microbes inoculation to sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate(SMS) during deepstacking on fermentation parameters, total microbial counts and cellulolytic enzyme activity and to on SMS nutrients utilization by sheep. For sheep metabolism trials, six sheep(ram, average 54.8kg) were fed a Control diet(70% concentrates, 15% rice straw and 15% SMS with no microbial treatment on a dry basis) and a Treatment diet(the same diet including SMS with a microbial treatment) for 2 trials. Spent mushroom substrates with or without a microbial(4 strains including 1 strain of Enterobacter ludwigii, 1 strain of Bacillus cereus and 2 strains of Bacillus subtillis) treatment (1% of SMS on wet basis) were deepstacked for 7 days. The internal temperatures in 1.2 M/T of SMS deepstacks reached to 50±5℃ within 7 days of storage. Total microbial counts remarkably decreased (P<0.05) with a deepstacking process and were not affected(P>0.05) by the microbial treatment. For fibrolytic enzyme activity, CMCase and xylanase activities were decreased(P<0.05) by a deepstacking process. After deepstacking, the microbial treatment showed about 2.5-times higher(P<0.05) for CMCase activity and about 4-times higher(P<0.05) for xylanase activity than those of the Control. Activities of ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase and MnP were not affected by the microbial treatment. The sheep fed the microbially treated SMS diet had a tendency of greater total tract digestibilities of ash(P=0.051), NFE (P=0.071), hemicellulose(P=0.087) and NDF(P=0.096) than those fed the untreated SMS diet. Nitrogen balance of sheep was not affected(P>0.05) by feeding of microbially treated SMS. Accordingly, these results indicate that cellulolytic microbes inoculation during deepstacking of SMS may improve the bio- utilization of SMS by sheep.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2012

The present survey was conducted to provide basic information on Hanwoo calf management. Eight hundred and sixty-two Hanwoo breeding farms from all nine provinces were surveyed via personal interviews. The percentages of farms categorized by herd size were 30.5%, 32.8%, 26.0% and 10.7% for <50 heads, 51-100 heads, 101-200 heads, and >200 heads, respectively. More than 50% of farms offered calf starter at 6-10 days of age, showing that calf starter was offered relatively at an earlier age. Calf starter was replaced every three days by 30.1% of farms. The percentages of farms replacing starter weekly (19.2%) were even higher than those of replacing starter daily (18.8%), suggesting that the frequency of replacing starter needs to be increased to maintain starter freshness and to increase starter intake. About one-third of farms offered forage at 6-10 days of age and 21% of farms offered even at 1-5 days of age although it has been well known that forage does not contain either nutrient density or nutrient profile necessary to stimulate rumen papillae development, especially before weaning. Furthermore, about half of farms used rice straw with calf starter. Water was offered relatively at an earlier age (1-5 days of age) by 55% of farms. Deciding when to wean calves should be based on starter intake rather than age but less than 50% of farms decided weaning age by starter intake. In conclusions, to reduce weaning age of Hanwoo calves by rapid rumen papillae development it is necessary to provide fresh starter and water by increasing frequency of starter replacing and water trough cleaning and not to feed forage before weaning.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of feeding level of concentrate on the digestible nutrient intake, using efficiency of nutrients and nitrogen retention of growing Korean black goats (KBG) fed on whole crop barley (WCB) silage. WCB silage with concentrates at 2.0% (BS2.0), 1.5% (BS1.5) and 1.0% (BS1.0) of BW, respectively, and rice straw with concentrate at 2.0% (RS2.0) of BW as a control. Goats for digestibility trials were assigned within each group with three animals to individual metabolism crates with Latin square design. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes goats in control, BS2.0 and BS1.5 was significantly higher than that in BS 1.0 (p<0.05). Digestible NFC intakes of goats in BS2.0 and BS 1.5 was significantly higher than that in BS1.0 (p<0.05). The highest Average daily gain (ADG) were recorded in group BS2.0 followed by BS1.5, RS2.0 and BS1.0 (p<0.05). The highest DM digestibility was shown in group BS1.5 treatments (p<0.05). Nitrogen retentions in RS2.0, BS2.0 and BS1.0 were significantly higher than that in group BS1.0 (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study suggested that feeding level of concentrate seems to be proper at 1.5% of BW to achieve the best performance when black goats are fed WCB silage as a roughage source with concentrate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to find out the optimum condition of aeration rates for removal of malodor and to improve the compost quality. The aspect of ammonia emission and amounts of volatilization were investigated in the enclosed composting reactor of 242 liters piled with mixed materials of dairy manure and rice straw, which adjusted to 65% of initial moisture content and controlled by four different aeration rates. Mature temperature increased suddenly in initial composting time and decreased with Increasing aeration rates. The treatment of $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$ results in overcooling and rapid drying of composting materials because of too much aeration. The average concentration of ammonia emitted from composting for 24 days was the range of 25.3 to $239.8mg\;l^{-1}$ and was highest in the treatment of $0.09l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$, followed by 0.90. 0.18 and $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$. The range of maximum concentration by different aeration rates was $335{\sim}2279mg\;l^{-1}$ and it wan highest in the treatment of $0.09l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$, followed by 0.18, 0.09 and $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$. Relationship between the ammonia concentration emitted and temperature matured under different aeration rates showed an exponential positive correlation with 1% significance and had a trend of clear increase in ammonia concentration with increasing temperature over $50^{\circ}C$. Most of ammonia volatilized within plays after composting. The volatilization rate of ammonia ranged from 0.056 to 0.453 per dry solids of materials and it was highest in the treatment of $0.09l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$, followed by 0.18, 0.09 and $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$. Amounts of ammonia volatilized under composting condition of this experiment was estimated to be highest in the aeration range of 0.9 to $1.0l\;min^{-1}kg\;dry-solids^{-1}$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 1981

Some properties of cellulase and xylanase produced from Pleurotus ostreatus 301 and Lentinus edodes 3-1 during its growth in rice straw medium were investigated. The cellulase activities of P. ostreatus 301 and L. edodes 3-1 were increased in proportion to substrate concentration within 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively, and xylanase activities of two strains were increased within 1%. The reducing sugar production of cellulase and xylanase in two strains were proportionaly increased until 30 min. and 60 min. respectively. The opium pH for cellulase activities of P. ostreatus 301 and L. edodes 3-1 were pH 4.0 and pH 4.5, respectively, and xylanase activities of two strains were pH 5.0. The stable pH range for cellulase activities of P. ostreatus 301 was within 4.0 to 6.0 and L. edodes 3-1 was within 3.0 to 5.0, Xylanase activities of P. ostreatus 301 was within 4.5 to 6.0 and L. edodes 3-1 was within 3.5 to 6.0. The optium temperature for cellulase activities of P. ostraeatus 301 and L. edodes 3-1 were $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively, but xylanase activities of P. ostreatus 301 and L. edodes 3-1 were $50^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$, respectively. Thermal stability of enzymes were below of optimum temperature and these were mostly inactivate at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min of the metalic ions tested, cellulase activities of L. edodes 3-1 was increased by $Co^{++},\; Mg^{++}$ at the concentration of $10^{-2}M$, but were greatly inhibited by $Hg^{++},\;Cu^{++}$ in two strains. Xylanase activities were increased by $Ca^{++},\;Co^{++},\;Mg^{++}$ and $Cd^{++}$ but was greatly inhibited by $Hg^{++}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1972

The effects of limestone and wollastonite on an acid sulfate soil were studied. In addition, the effect of wollastonite was analyzed in terms of those due to calcium and to silica in the paddy field and in the laboratory with equivalent amounts of lime and wollastonite on a calcium basis. 1. Lime and wollastonite as liming materials were equally effective in neutralizing the soil acidity. 2. Lime, however was more reactive, raising the pH up to neutralization point in three days under waterlogged conditions at $25^{\circ}C$, in the lab study, and introduced alkali damage to transplanted rice seedlings showing marked restrictions of tillering in the field even though lime was applied two weeks before transplanting. On the other hand, wollastonite reacted very slowly, taking one week to two weeks to reach neutralization even when thoroughly mixed, and did not restrict the tillering. 3. Both lime and wollastonite effectively reduced the toxic aluminium in soil as well as in the soil solution but not always in the case of ferrous iron. However the reduction effect of the toxic substances in the experimental field was not so great as expected, because typical toxic symptoms were mild only. 4. Lime considerably increased the availability of silica in soil resulting in an increase of silica content in straw. Wollastonite released extra available silica itself resulting in a greater uptake of silica. 5. Increase of silica uptake by these materials was effective in reducing rate of infection of neck blast and resulted in higher rate of ripening, and in turn increased the paddy yield. 6. Application of either one significantly diminished the effect of the other. 7. Wollastonite markedly increased tillering in the early growing stage, but decreased the rate of effective tillers finally, resulting in about the same number of ears per hill at harvesting. 8. These liming materials appear to increase the number of grains per panicle slightly.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.219-234
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• 2014

Fabrics, natural dyed fabrics, papers, natural dyed papers and paints were examined effects of colors and mechanical properties for materials of museum collections under anoxic treatment. Anoxic conditions using nitrogen and argon were oxygen concentration 0.01%, temperature($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$), 50% RH and exposure time 30 days. Examined fabrics were raw silk fabric, UV irradiated raw silk fabric, degummed silk fabric, UV irradiated degummed silk fabric, cotton fabric, and UV irradiated cotton fabric. Natural dyed silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with fresh indigo, indigo, safflower, gromwell, madder sappanwood, amur cork tree, turmeric, gardenia, barberry root, pagoda tree flower, cochineal, lac, alnus japonica, gallnut, chestnut shell, and combination(indigo and safflower, indigo and amur cork tree, indigo and pagoda tree flower, indigo and sappanwood). Papers were Korean papers(mulberry paper, mulberry(70%) and rice straw(30%) mixed paper), Japanese paper(gampi paper), cotton paper, refined linen paper, cotton, linen & manila mixed fibre furnish, copy paper, news print, and alum sized mulberry paper. Natural dyed papers were dyed with indigo, sappanwood, madder, safflower, gardenia, amur cork tree, and pagoda tree flower. Paints were painted on alum-sized papers and silk fabrics using glue and pigments(azurite, malachite, cinnabar, vermilion, orpiment, gamboge, red lead, haematite, iron oxide red, indigo(lake), lac, cochineal, safflower, madder root lake, celadonite, smalt, ultramarine blue, lapis lazuli, prussian blue, kaolin, lead white, oyster-shell white, and clam-shell white). The color differences(${\Delta}E^*$) of all examined materials were below 1.5 or lowered than control samples after anoxic treatment. The variations of tenacity of yarns of fabrics and natural dyed fabrics after anoxic treatment were within that of standard silk and cotton fabrics. Gases(nitrogen and argon) and temperatures of anoxic treatment did not also affected color differences and variations of tenacity of materials.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

Seventy two Hanwoo steers in final fattening period ($585.87{\pm}41.02kg$) were randomly assigned to 3 groups, LPLT (relatively low protein and low energy; CP 12%, TDN 73%), LPHT (relatively low protein and high energy; CP 12%, TDN 75%) and HPHT (relatively high protein and high energy; CP 14%, TDN 75%) in concentrate feed for 163 days in order to investigate the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi muscle's chemical compositions. Rice straw was also fed as a roughage. Because ADGs were higher in LPLT and HPHT than LPHT, feed efficiencies were improved in LPLT and HPHT group (P<0.05). Feeding concentrates with different CP and TDN levels had affected to improve back fat thickness and rib eye area in HPHT group but had no effect on carcass weight and meat yield index. Carcass weight for LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were $420.75{\pm}30.56$, $417.05{\pm}32.03$ and $418.32{\pm}32.03kg$, respectively. Meat quality grade was improved in HPHT (P<0.001), because the marbling score was highest in HPHT group. Auction prices (carcass/kg) of LPLT, LPHT and HPHT group were 17,904 won, 18,094 won and 18,899 won, respectively. The percentage of animals over grade 1 appeared in LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 79.2, 72.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle showed no difference between groups but crude fat composition tended to be higher in HPHT group (P=0.088) than the other groups. Stearic acid contents in the muscle was significantly increased in HPHT group than LPLT group (P<0.05). Myristoleic acid and oleic acid composition in HPHT group was higher than LPLT and LPHT group. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of higher levels of crude protein and energy in concentrates to Hanwoo steers' during final fattening period improved the growth performance and the carcass quality grade.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2007

Data from a comparative slaughter experiment with two hundreds of Korean native (Hanwoo) beef steers were utilized to determine net energy and protein requirements for growth (NEg and NPg). Eight randomly selected steers were used in the initial slaughter group of 6 month of age and the remaining steers allocated to treatments within two groups. The restricted groups were fed 1.2 to 1.5% concentrate per kg body weight (BW) in the growing period (6～12 month of age), 1.7 to 1.8% concentrate per kg BW in the early fattening period (13～18 month of age), and concentrate feed ad libitum in the late fattening period (19～30 month of age). Ad libitum groups were fed concentrate ad libitum through the whole period. Rice straw was offered ad libitum for 24 month of two feeding systems. The steers were slaughtered when animals reached every 2 month from 8 to 30 month of age. For all body composition determinations, whole empty body components were weighed, taken each proportional subsample was ground for chemical analysis. Equations developed with the pooled data to predicted NEg and NPg were similar to the equations of Japanese Feeding Standard for Beef Cattle (2000). First equations were developed to predicted NEg; NEg = 0.05332×LBW0.75×DG for restricted treatment and NEg = 0.04912×LBW0.75×DG for ad libitum treatment. Second equations were developed to predicted NPg; NPg = DG × (224.7－0.251×LBW) for restricted treatment and NPg=DG×(210.1－0.214×LBW) for ad libitum treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding patterns of concentrates on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo cows. Randomly-allocated groups, restricted concentrate feeding (T1), restricted concentrate feeding for 6 months and ad libitum 2 months (T2), restricted concentrate feeding for 4 months and ad libitum 4 months (T3), were contained with 9 animals. According to feeding patterns of concentrate, growth performance was not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, ADG tended to be higher in T2 group (0.75 kg/d) compared to the other groups (T1: 0.62 kg/d, T3: 0.72 kg/d). DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, interestingly, rice straw intake was significantly higher in T1 group compared with others (p<0.05). There were significant difference among feed conversion ratio, which are 17.8, 12.8, and 14.1 kg for T1, T2, and T3 (p<0.05), respectively. The serum level of albumin, triglyceride, glucose and GPT were greater in T3 group compared to other groups at fattening 6 to 8 months (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, back fat thickness and rib eye area were not differ among treatment groups, but yield index was significantly greater in T2 group compared to T1 group (p<0.05). The 'A' appearance rate (%) of meat yield grade was highest in T2 group for 78%. The marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not differ among the treatment groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate (%) of over 1st meat quality grade were tend to be increased at T3 rather (4.0, 56%) group compared with other groups (T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%). Thus, the present study suggested that restricted concentrate feeding (1.6% of BW) for 4 months during early fattening periods and ad libitum feeding for 4 months during late fattening periods are recommendable.