• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rice straw application

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Effect of Long Term Fertilization on Microbial Biomass, Enzyme Activities, and Community Structure in Rice Paddy Soil

  • Lee, Chang Hoon;Kang, Seong Soo;Jung, Ki Youl;Kim, Pil Joo
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.487-493
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    • 2013
  • The effects of long-term fertilization on soil biological properties and microbial community structure in the plough layer in a rice paddy soil in southern Korea were investigated in relation to the continuous application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), straw based compost (Compost), combination these two (NPK + Compost) for last 40 years. No fertilization plot (Control) was installed for comparison. Though fertilization significantly improved rice productivity over control, the long-term fertilization of NPK and compost combination was more effective on increasing rice productivity and soil nutrient status than single application of compost or chemical fertilizer. All fertilization treatments had shown significant improvement in soil microbial properties, however, continuous compost fertilization markedly increased soil enzyme and microbial activities as compared to sole chemical fertilization. Results of microbial community structure, evaluated by EL-FAME (ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters) method, revealed big difference among Control, NPK, and Compost. However, both Compost and Compost+NPK treatments belonged to the same cluster after statistical analysis. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments could be more rational strategy to improve soil nutrient status and promote soil microbial communities than the single chemical fertilizer or compost application.

Evaluation of Soil and Fertilizer Management Techniques Applied by Farmers in Forcing and Semi-forcing Cucumber Cultivation Facilities (오이 촉성재배와 반촉성재배 농가들의 토양 및 시비관리기술 평가)

  • Lee, Ju-Young;Jang, Byoung-Choon;Sung, Jwa-Kyung;Lee, Su-Yeon;Kim, Rog-Young;Lee, Ye-Jin;Park, Yang-Ho;Kang, Sung-Soo;Hyun, Byung-Keun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.983-991
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    • 2012
  • These days, agricultural products cultivated in facilities occupy the highest percentage of agricultural output price. Specifically cucumbers have been one of the crops that farmers prefer to growing, because their prices were high. However, cucumber crop is sensitive to the soil and environments and it requires the exact crop management. In order to establish cultivation techniques for cucumbers, the current situation of cucumber cultivation was surveyed from ten cucumber farmlands; five farmlands of cucumber cultivation in forcing and five of semi-forcing practicing systems, respectably. The soil conditions were alluvial or valley in soil topology, moderately or poorly drainage in soil drainage classes, coarse loamy in soil texture family. Soil was managed with deep plowing combined with application of basal fertilizers such as compost, rice straw, oil cake, wood chip and chemical fertilizer. The whole soil was prepared in uniformly with rotary. Three major nutrients ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$)of basal application were 815-464-529 kg $ha^{-1}$ in forcing and 197-135-151 kg $ha^{-1}$ in semi-forcing cultivation. Top dressing of fertilizer was supplied in fertigation system of macro and micro elements in 2~3 day interval with water irrigation. The average yields of cucumbers were $168t\;ha^{-1}$ with 381,000 thousand won $ha^{-1}$ in average gross profit (AGP) in forcing cultivation and $115t\;ha^{-1}$ with 177,000 thousand won $ha^{-1}$ in AGP in semi-forcing cultivation. Cucumber production during the winter season was considered to increase the gross profit because cucumber price tends to stay in high level during this time. The accumulation of soil chemicals like EC, available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable cations could be controlled by rice straw application. The rice straw application increased soil temperature during the winter season, in exchange of soil air, and in extension of plant roots. In addition, the rice straw application somewhat affected decrease of salts accumulation.

Studies on Improvement of Quality of Round Bale Sliage Using Fresh Rice Straw (라운드 베일을 이용한 생볏짚 사일리지의 품질 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Woo Sung;Kim, Jong Geun;Chung, Eui Soo;Ham, Jun Sang;Kim, Jong Duk;Kim, Kyeong Nam
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.41-48
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    • 1999
  • This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the silage additives on improvement of quality of fresh rice straw silage using round bale at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crops division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The treatments used in this study were consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, molasses+urea and inoculant). The rice straw silage with molasses+urea treatment resulted in high crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility were increased with molasses of inoculant treatments compare with the control. The mean dry matter of formic acid treatment material was higher than with control but there was no significant difference in dry matter content among the additives treatments. The pH of molasses treatments significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid(P<0.05) and decreased the proportion of butyric acid. The total organic acid content of all treatments had low around 2%. Ammonia-N of molasses+urea treatment was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of others, but formic acid or inoculant treatments was lower below 10% per total nitrogen. Over a 7d feeding period, the dry matter intake per cattle on the inoculant treatment was higher that on both the untreated round bale silage of fresh rice straw and rice straw hay. Producing cost per kilogram of round bale silage of fresh rice straw was decreased according to the increasement of harvesting area. It is suggested that application of round bale silage system to fresh rice straw with molasses or inoculant was the best treatment for improving preservation as silage, and that animal intake was enhanced by addition of inoculant to fresh rice straw.

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Effect of Organic Matter Application on Inhibition of occurrence of Root Rot of Red Pepper (고추역병(疫病)에 대(對)한 유기물시용(有機物施用) 효과)

  • Yun, Sei-Young
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.44-51
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    • 1992
  • Results as follows are obtained from the pot experiment to examine effect of application of organic substances on inhibition of occurrence of root rot of red pepper. 1. As for effects of applicating organic materials on inhibition of red pepper root rot, it is more effective to apply in autumn than to apply in summer, when the temperature is high. In addition, organic substance which is not decomposed completely such as rice straw is more effective than matured compost types. As for effects of applicating organic substances on composition of soil microorganisms, increase of fungi and bacteria in view of numbers is remarkable, especially in case of applying rice straw. 2. From the examination of Phytophthora capsici in soil at the 1st cultivation period in autumn, no P. capsici can be isolated in early stage of growth of red pepper in nontreated soil and in soil applied compost. However, as the time goes on, P. capsici are detected. While in early stage of cultivation, P. capsici are detected in soil applied with rice straw, P. capsici are not isolated after middle stage of cultivation. 3. It is recognized that there are many differences according to the types of organic materials applied in the result of identification of fungi in each treatment. And, proportion of antagonistic fungi to total fungi in soil applied rice straw is proved to be significantly higher compared to other treatments.

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Effect of Rice Straw Amendment and Repeated Application of Diazinon on the Persistence of Diazinon in Submerged Soils (생고시용(生藁施用)과 Diazinon의 운용(運用)이 토양중(土壤中) Diazinon의 분해(分解)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Lee, Hae-Keun
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 1981
  • Studios on the effects of rice straw amendments, soil autoclaving and repeated application related to disappearance of diazinon (diethyl 2-isopropyl -4-methyl -6-pyrimidinyl phosphorothionate) in submerged soils and paddy water were conducted under the laboratory conditions. Degradation of diazinon was slightly accelerated by the amendment of rice straw. The amended soil had 2.4 days shorter half life for diazinon than unamended soil. By autoclaving soils, diazinon degradation was greatly inhibited. The autoclaved soil had about 20 days longer half life for diazinon than the non-autoclaved soil. After repeated application of diazinon granules to the submerged soils, rapid degradation of the insecticide occured in flooded soils and paddy water. The development of diazinon degrading factors in flooded soils and paddy water after repeated application was roughly proportional to the increase of the frequency of diazinon application. By autoclaving soils and paddy water which received repeated application of diazinon, no rapid biodegradation of the insecticide occurred during the 30 days incubation period.

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Effects of N. P. K and Organic Matters for 15-years Successive Application on Paddy Soil Properties. Plant Growth and Yield of Rice Plant (3요소 및 유기물의 연용이 답토양의 변화와 수도생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • 오윤진
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.431-438
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    • 1983
  • Experiments were conducted to know the effects of 15 years successive application of fertilizers and organic matters on the soil properties, plant growth and yield of rice. Application of fertilizers and organic matters for 15 years in same plots were increased soil pH, OM, and CEC, but decreased $SiO_2$ and Ca content in paddy soil. Organic matter application for 15 years was increased OM about 0.5% compare to non-applied plot. Particulary lime application was increased soil pH, $SiO_2$, Ca and CEC in paddy soil. NPK+compost and NPK+straw application were increased number of panicles and number of spikelets per unit area, but decreased ripening ratio compare to NPK applied plot. Average grain yield for 15 years in the non-fertilized, -N, -P, -K, NPK+compost, NPK+straw and NPK+lime applied plot was 47, 51, 88, 95, 113, 117, and 106% of yield conpare to NPK applied plot, respectively.

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Changes in Chemical Components of Stagnant Water by Tillage Method and Amount of Nitrogen Application in Wet Seeded Rice after Barley Straw Mulching (논에 보리짚 시용시 경운방법 및 질소시비량에 따른 논물의 화학성분 변화)

  • Cheong, Jin-Il;Choi, Min-Gyu;Noh, Tae-Hwan;Lee, Jung-Ho;Kwon, Tae-Ohu
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.411-419
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    • 1996
  • The experiment was aimed to determine a change of chemical component in irrigatted water based on different tillage methods and nitrogen rates under mulching of barley straw in direct seeded rice. There was no difference in water pH of no-tillaged plot but high in tillaged plot until 10 days after treatment. The electric conductivity(EC) of the water was higher in no-tillaged plot than in tillaged plot. However, the dissolved oxygen content was vice versa. The content of NH$_4$-N was high in higher application rate of N fertilizer without the tillage. Mean while, NO$_3$-N content was highly affected by no-till aged plot particularly in between application time and fertilizer rate but not in tillaged plot. There was higher in P043- content with the no-tillaged plot compared to the tillaged plot. It was big difference with higher application rate of the fertilizer. Soil cations were high in much application of fertilizer without the tillage.

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The Effect of Foliage Clipping on the Growth and the Agronomic Characteristics, as Affected by its Time, Degree, and Nitrogen Top-Dressing, in Rice plants (절엽의 시기 및 정도, 그리고 절엽 후의 시비가 수도의 생육 및 수량제형질의 변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Eun-Woong Lee;Yong-Woong Kwon;Pyeong-Ki Yim
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.81-91
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    • 1968
  • To investigate the effects of foliage clipping time, degree, and nitrogen top-dressing after clipping on the growth and the agronomic characteristics, rice plants grown under ordinary cultural practices were clipped at the maximum tiller stage, 10 days prior to, and after that stage, respectively, with varying clipping, height, as 0, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of plant height. And nitrogen was top-dressed at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 kg per 10 are immediately after clipping. The variety used was "Jinheung". The results obtained are outlined as follows: 1. Effect of clipping on the growth of rice plant: The subsequent growth was quite rapid during 10 days after clipping, and resulted, on the whole, in nearly complete recovery of defoliation by 20 days after clipping. a) Generally, the later the clipping time, the more growth accelerated. Rice plants clipped before the differentiation of ear primordia nearly recovered the damage, and in certain cases exceeded non-clipped plants in height. But the height of the rice plant clipped after the differentiation of ear primordia was somewhat smaller than that of non-clipped. b) Growth rate was rather rapid in the case of severe cutting, and the height of slightly clipped plants was taller than that of non-clipped plants. However, rice plants clipped to the extent of 2/3 of plant height did not fully recover the damage of defoliation compared to non-clipped plants. c) Nitrogen dressing was effective to rapid recovery of defoliation, the effect increasing with the increasing amount of application. d) Ear-heading was delayed in clipped plots, and this tendency was more apparent with later clipping time, more severe clipping, and increased amounts of nitrogen application after cutting. The range was 6 days at maximum. 2. Effect of defoliation on the yield and its components of rice plants: The yield response to clipping varied somewhat with its time, degree, and nitrogen application after cutting: yield increase of about 10% and decreasement of about 25% at maximum compared to the control plot. Grain yield of most plots was decreased. a) Clipping before the differentiation of ear primordia did not much affect the agronomic characteristics of rice plants. However, clipping after that growth stage decreased culm length, number of panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, and maturing rate of grain to some extent. Consequently this treatment resulted in decrease of about 10% in grain and straw production in spite of increase in panicle length and effective tillering rate. b) Slight, clipping decreased number of spikelets per panicle a little, and the yield of grain and straw by 4-5%, although effective tillering rate was somewhat increased. With severe clipping, panicle kngth, number of panicles, and number of spikelets per panicle decreased more, and the yield of grain and straw decreased about 10%. c) Nitrogen dressing after clipping at the rate of 2 kg per 10 are was effective in increasing grain yield. Nitrogen application over the rate of 4 kg per 10 are increased culm length, number of spikelets per panicle, and straw production, but this decreased the maturing rate, and the 1, 000-grains weight to some extent and resulted in decrease of grain yield.

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The Effect of Tillage Methods after Application of Liquid Pig Manure on Silage Barley Growth and Soil Environment in Paddy Field (돈분액비 시용 논에서 경운방법이 청보리 생육 및 토양환경에 미치는 영향)

  • Yang, Chang-Hyu;Lee, Sang-Bog;Kim, Taek-Kyum;Ryu, Jin-Hee;Yoo, Chul-Hyun;Lee , Jeong-Jun;Kim, Jae-Duk;Jung, Kwang-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.285-292
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    • 2008
  • To investigate the effect of tillage methods on the silage barely growth and the soil environment in paddy field, liquid pig manure(LPM) was applied after harvesting rice at Jisan series soil for 2 years. Five plots, a LPM applied rate as N%; 0, 100, 150, 200(basal dressing) and 100(basal dressing)+50(additional fertilizer) were divided by tillage methods; non-tillage, non-tillage+rice straw and rotary tillage method. Emission amounts of $NH_3$ gas highly decreased in the rotary tillage and the non-tillage+rice straw plot compared to non-tillage plot. The contents of soil organic matter and exchangeable cation were increased in the applied LPM plot. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents in soil were the highest in the non-tillage+rice straw plot and followed by the rotary tillage and highly decreased along with the growth of plant. Run-off rate of mineral components were higher in order of the rotary tillage plot£æthe non-tillage plot£æthe non-tillage+rice straw plot and then leached to $SO_4$, $NO_3-N$, K plentifully. The yield of silage barley in dry weight was higher in order of the non-tillage+rice straw plot>the rotary tillage plot>the non-tillage plot. To estimate the feed value of silage barley, crude protein, acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents were analyzed. Crude protein and ADF contents were the highest at rotary tillage N150% plot as 9.7 and 29.4%, respectively. NDF contents was the highest at non-tillage+rice straw N150% plot as 56.7%. In conclusion, we recommend not to incinerate rice straw and to apply LPM at non-tillage status in cultivating the silage barley. This may prevent water pollution and increase barley yields.

Nitrogen Top Dressing for Improving Feed Value of Rice Straw (벼짚의 사료가치(飼料價値) 향상(向上)을 위(爲)한 질소추비(窒素追肥))

  • Kim, Yung Sup;Park, Hoon;Park, Young Sun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.179-183
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    • 1973
  • For the increase of protein content in the straw without detrimental effect on grain yield by top dressing with various nitrogen amount IR667 (Suwon 214) and Jinheung were grown under field condition and the value as feed was investigated by chemical analysis on the harvested straw. 1. In straw IR667 was higher in crude protein, crude fiber and ash, and lower in total carbohydrate than Jinheung, and crude fat content was not much different. 2. The contents of crude protein and total carbohydrate increased with nitrogen level but crude fiber, crude fat and ash decreased, and those phenomena were clear in IR667. 3. The content of phosphorus in straw decreased with increasing nitrogen level more clearly in Jinheung. 4. Protein content was greatly increased in brown rice and calcium content tended to decrease with the increase of nitrogen application amount. 5. Country mean of crude protein in straw was 4.06% much lower than that of mixed wild grasses and forages (6.71) but crude protein could be increased above that of wild sources, moreover with grain yield increase by the improvement of nitrogen fertilizer application.

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