• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of black rice extract (BRE) on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Methanolic extract from black rice was evaluated for the protective effect on TBHP-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. Several biomarkers that modulate cell survival and death including reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 activity, and related cellular kinases were determined. RESULTS: TBHP induced cell death and apoptosis by a rapid increase in ROS generation and caspase-3 activity. Moreover, TBHP-induced oxidative stress resulted in a transient ERK1/2 activation and a sustained increase of JNK1/2 activation. While, BRE pretreatment protects the cells against oxidative stress by reducing cell death, caspase-3 activity, and ROS generation and also by preventing ERKs deactivation and the prolonged JNKs activation. Moreover, pretreatment of BRE increased the activation of ERKs and Akt which are pro-survival signal proteins. However, this effect was blunted in the presence of ERKs and Akt inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that activation of ERKs and Akt pathway might be involved in the cytoprotective effect of BRE against oxidative stress. Our findings provide new insights into the cytoprotective effects and its possible mechanism of black rice against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2006

Heteroplasmic rice plastid transformant was generated using suspension cells as bombardment materials. PCR analyses confirmed incorporation of aadA and cp4-epsps genes into the rice plastid genome by homologous recombination events via the flanking sequences of the trnI and trnA. Transplastomic calli were actively proliferated when cultured on AAM2 medium supplemented with various concentrations (500-3000 mg/L) of streptomycin in dark condition, and transplastomic suspension cells showed resistance to nonselective herbicide, glyphosate. Through 'agarose pie selection' method, heteroplastomic calli, containing considerably high level of transplastome and expressing the CP4 EPSPS protein, were obtained. They were further regenerated to green shoots with healthy roots.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.993-996
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• 2006

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) isolated from black rice was investigated for hepatoprotective effects in HepG2 cells under oxidative stress. When an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced by gramoxone, cell viability was drastically decreased by 42%. However, in the presence of C3G, no hepatocytic damage was observed in HepG2 cells treated with gramoxone. C3G was found to manifest a stronger scavenging effect (91%) on superoxide anion radical ($O_2\;^{.-}$) than any of the other natural and synthetic antioxidants. Results suggest that C3G from black rice possesses hepatoprotective effects in vitro, which may be, at least in part, due to $O_2\;^{.-}$ scavenging.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2019

The transport systems for metals play crucial roles in both the physiological functions of essential metals and the toxic effects of hazardous metals in mammals and plants. In mammalian cells, Zn transporters such as ZIP8 and ZIP14 have been found to function as the transporters for Mn(II) and Cd(II), contributing to the maintenance of Mn homeostasis and metallothionein-independent transports of Cd, respectively. In rice, the Mn transporter OsNramp5 expressed in the root is used for the uptake of Cd from the soil. Japan began to cultivate OsNramp5 mutant rice, which was found to accumulate little Cd, to prevent Cd accumulation. Inorganic trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is absorbed into mammalian cells via aquaglyceroporin, a water and glycerol channel. The ortholog of aquaporin in rice, OsLsi1, was found to be an Si transporter expressed in rice root, and is responsible for the absorption of soil As(III) into the root. Since rice is a hyperaccumulator of Si, higher amounts of As(III) are incorporated into rice compared to other plants. Thus, the transporters of essential metals are also utilized to incorporate toxic metals in both mammals and plants, and understanding the mechanisms of metal transports is important for the development of mitigation strategies against food contamination.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2009

Autophagy degrades toxic materials and old organelles, and recycles nutrients in eukaryotic cells. Whereas the studies on autophagy have been reported in other eukaryotic cells, its functioning in plants has not been well elucidated. We analyzed the roles of OsATG10 genes, which are autophagy-related. Two rice ATG10 genes - OsATG10a and OsATG10b - share significant sequence homology (about 75%), and were ubiquitously expressed in all organs examined here. GUS assay indicated that OsATG10b was highly expressed in the mesophyll cells and vascular tissue of younger leaves, but its level of expression decreased in older leaves. We identified T-DNA insertional mutants in that gene. Those osatg10b mutants were sensitive to treatments with high salt and methyl viologen (MV). Monodansylcadaverine-staining experiments showed that the number of autophagosomes was significantly decreased in the mutants compared with the WT. Furthermore, the amount of oxidized proteins increased in MV-treated mutant seedlings. These results demonstrate that OsATG10b plays an important role in the survival of rice cells against oxidative stresses.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2007

Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) regulates proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and modulates function of the mature hematopoietic cells. In the previous study, we reported that hGM-CSF could be produced in transgenic rice cell suspension culture, termed rhGM-CSF. In the present study we examined the single and repeated dose toxicity of rice cells-derived hGM-CSF in SD rats. During single dose toxicity study for 7 days, there were no any toxic effects at any dose of from 10 to $1000{\mu}g/kg$. The lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) was not found in this range. Moreover, repeated dose toxicity study of 14-days period and at the doses of 50 and $200{\mu}g/kg$ (i. v.) of rhGM-CSF did not show any changes in food and water intake. There were also no significant changes in both body and organ weights between the control and the test groups. The hematological and blood biochemical parameters were statistically not different in all the groups. These results suggest that rhGM-CSF has no toxicity in SD rats.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1998

In this research, we added 10%, 20% and 30% of white rice powder and colored rice powder to wheat flour, then baked cakes to appraise the quality of each cake by physical and sensory evaluation The resultsare as follows: 1) The specific gravity was increased in order of rice powder-added batters and colored rice powder-added batters. No remarkable difference was found in expansion ratio of cakes except some reduction in 30% rice powder-added cake. 2) Gumminess of cake was higher in the 30% colored rice-added cake Hardness of rice-added cakes was higher than colored rice-added ones. More adding rate of rice, higher hardness of cake. No remarkable difference was found in chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness of cakes 3) In case of color, rice-added cakes showed more L value and less b value than colored rice-added ones. Colored rice-added cakes showed less L value more a value and less b value as adding rate became higher 4) According to the results of sensory evaluation, no remarkable difference was found in the size of a cell and distribution of cells. Crumb and tenderness tended to be lower in rice added cakes than in colored rice added ones. Color was prefered in 30% colored rice added cakes over rice-added cakes and less added colored rice added cakes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 시판누룩에서 분리한 Rhizopus oryzae CCS01로 쌀누룩을 제조하고 이를 이용하여 곡류 막걸리 제조하였다. R. oryzae CCS01로 제조한 쌀누룩은 시판누룩보다 탄수화물 함량은 높았으나, 수분 및 회분, 조단백질, 조지방 함량은 낮았고 당화력은 약 2.2배 정도 높게 나타났다. R. oryzae CCS01로 제조된 쌀누룩으로 제조한 막걸리는 pH와 알코올 함량은 시판누룩보다 높게 나타났으나, 당도 및 산도, 젖산균수, 효모균수, 갈변도는 낮게 나타났다. 특히 쌀누룩으로 제조한 찹쌀(GUR) 막걸리의 경우 다른 막걸리들 보다 알코올 함량이 가장 높았다. 이 결과로 R. oryzae CCS01로 제조된 쌀누룩을 이용하여 새로운 곡류 막걸리 제조가 가능할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.812-817
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• 2004

한국 전통약주와 기존에 암세포주에 대한 세포독성이 보고되어 있는 알코올 음료에 대한 항종양 세포독성을 비교하기 위하여 무증자 발효 방법으로 발효시키면서 한약재를 첨가한 전통약주I과 뽕잎, 메밀 등을 첨가한 전통약주II, 비교 시료로 적포도주, 백포도주, 맥주, 일본 청주 등에 대하여 연구하였다. 각 시료에 대하여 10-80배까지 단계적으로 희석하여 DLD-1, HepG2, K562, EMT6, LLC1에 처리하였을 때, 인체유래 대장암 세포주인 DLD-1의 경우 적포도주에서만 강한 세포독성이 확인되었는데, 전통약주I의 경우 그 농축액에서 DLD-1에 대하여 적포도주와 유사한 세포독성을 확인할 수 있었다. 나머지 4종의 암세포주에서는 10-20배 희석배수에서 적포도주, 전통약주I, 전통약주II가 세포독성을 보였으나, 각 암세포주의 종류에 따라서 세포독성은 약간씩 차이를 보였다. HepG2, K562, EMT6의 경우 10배 희석배수에서 모두 비슷한 세포독성을 보인 반면에 마우스 유래 폐암세포주인 LLC1의 경우에는 전통약주I과 전통약주II의 세포독성이 적포도주보다 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 이러한 항암효과는 전통약주에 존재하는 미지의 약리성분이 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권spc1호
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• pp.8-11
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• 2005

자광찰벼, 화선찰벼, 및 일품벼 에탄올 분획의 H4IIE 세포에 대찬 산화적 스트레스 보호효과를 검정하기 위해서 수행하였다. 과산화수소에 의하여 생성된 자유라디칼은 H4IIE 세포에 산화적 손상을 초래하며 이러한 손상에 기인된 세포사멸에 대하여 화선찰벼와 일품벼 추출물은 방어효과가 없었으나, 적색을 띤 자광찰벼 추출물의 에탄올 분획은 과산화수소에 의하여 유도된 산화적 스트레스에 가장 현저한 효과를 나타내었다. 금후, 보다 광범위하고 집중적인 연구를 수행한다면 쌀 함유 유효성분들의 생리활성에 관한 보다 명확한 효과가 구명될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.