• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.148-156
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• 2018

Background: Hot steaming is known to be effective in improving the biological activities of plant extracts by breaking down useful compounds to low molecular weight ones. Methods and Results: This study aimed to develop an optimal extraction and steam processing method for enhancing the low molecular ginsenoside contents of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The total ginsenoside was optimally extracted when 70% EtOH was used at $50^{\circ}C$, whereas low molecule ginsenoside such as Rg2, Rh1, Rh4 and Rk1 could be extracted using 70% EtOH at $70^{\circ}C$. The adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is known to contain four major ginsenosides, i.e., Rb2, Rb1, Rg1 and Rd, however new ginsenosides Rg6, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were new abundantly obtaind after steam processing method was applied. The contents of total ginsenosides were the highest when thermal steam processing was conducted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 120 min. Unlike ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rh1, which decreased after steam processing, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased after thermal processing. Steam processing significanltly reduced the content of Rb1, increased that of Rg6 by about ten times than that in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Conclusions: Our study showed that the optimal extraction and steam processing method increased the content of total ginsenosides and allowed the extraction of minor ginsenosides from major ones.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2009

A simple gradient HPLC method for rapid determination of major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$ and $Rb_1$) and unique ginsenoside (Rf) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was developed. Within 50min, three ginsenosides have been separated and identified on $\mu$-Bondapak $C_{18}$ column ($3.9{\times}300\;mm$, $10{\mu}m$) with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) for calibration curves of ginsenosides were over 0.9997. The developed HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of ginseng samples and the recoveries of ginsenosides were in the range of $101.1{\sim}115%$ with RSD<3.2%. The developed method could be used for rapid evaluation of the ginsenosides $Rg_1$, $Rb_1$, and Rf.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.408-416
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• 2018

Background: The ginsenosides Rb1 (G-Rb1) and Rg1 (G-Rg1) are used as marker compounds, and are the principal bioactive compounds assessed in the quality control of white ginseng. This study was conducted to analyze white ginseng samples of different and to obtain useful data for the quality control of white ginseng. Methods and Results: The variation in the content of G-Rb1 and G-Rg1 was evaluated among 35 samples of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old white ginseng. The content of both G-Rb1 and G-Rg1 did not significantly differ among ages, and the relative ratio of the maximum to the minimum content of these within ginseng of the same ages was more than two. However, the ratio of G-Rb1 to G-Rg1 content in the 5- and 6-year-old ginseng was significantly higher than that in the 4-year-old one. According to the 'Ginseng industrial act', the standard (w/w, %) minimum $G-Rg_1$ and $G-Rb_1$ content is 0.10% and 0.20% or more, respectively. Among the 35 samples examined, the content of $G-Rg_1$ was found to be 0.124 - 0.399% with none being less than the standard level, while that of $G-Rb_1$, was 0.147 - 0.595%, with 4 samples (11.4%) failing to meet the standard levels. The content of $G-Rg_1$ and $G-Rb_1$ did not show a constant relationship with the size of ginseng. Conclusions: In our study, the content of both G-Rg1 and G-Rb1 varied widely, and there was no significant difference among cultivation ages. The results of the present study might provide useful information for the quality control of raw ginseng and processed white ginseng using marker compound.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1660-1665
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• 2010

To obtain data for the standardization of manufacturing method of red ginseng extract pouch products, saponin and physico-chemical properties of 44 Korean red ginseng extract pouch products were analyzed. The concentration of total ginsenoside contents were 5.5~185.7 mg/100 mL. Distribution of the contents of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_2$, $Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$ known to have anticancer effect are as follows: $Rg_3$ is 1.6~46.3 mg/100 mL, $Rg_2$ is 0~22.0 mg/100 mL, $Rh_1$ is 0~4.3 mg/100 mL and that of $Rh_2$ is 0~20.4 mg/100 mL, respectively. The anti-diabetic effect of ginsenoside $Rb_2$ and Re distribution of contents were 0~10.8 mg/100 mL and 0~7.0 mg/100 mL, respectively. Among the other saponins, exhibited content to distribution of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was 0~25.2 mg/100 mL, Rc was 0~12.5 mg/100 mL, Rd was 0~11.3 mg/100 mL, Rf was 0~5.9 mg/100 mL and $Rg_1$ was 0~4.4 mg/100 mL. Results of physicochemical characterization showed total sugar content of 226.6~3,102.9 mg/100 mL, total soluble solids content $1.4\sim9.5^{\circ}Bx$, turbidity 82.2~100.0%, pH in the range of 4.1 to 5.0, respectively. In approximately 50% of collected domestic ginseng extract pouch products (21~24 items), ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re and $Rg_1$ were not detected, and saponin content of each product appears to differ greatly. Results indicated that standardization of production methods and standards set for red ginseng extract pouch products in Korea is needed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.578-585
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• 2012

Cytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. Red Ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is known to show different pharmacological effects by changed composition of saponins compared with Panax Ginseng. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of RG on the regulation of cytokine release in mice. RG was injected i.p at doses of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg for 6 weeks. We assessed that the weight index of immune organs such as thymus, and spleen, and the mitogen blastogenesis of splenocytes. We also determined the levels of circulating cytokines in serum from RG-treated mice using ELISA assay. The weight index of thymus and spleen, and proliferation of mitogen response of splenocytes have increased in the RG-injected groups. In addition, the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-2 concentrations have significantly increased in the serum of RG-treated mice, but that of IL-10 has not. These results suggest that RG has immune stimulating effects and could be useful as a immunoregulator of circulating cytokine release in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1057-1063
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• 2011

Herein, a novel ginsenosidase, named ginsenosidase type IV, hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (PPT), such as Re, R1, Rf, and Rg2, was isolated from the Aspergillus sp. 39g strain, purified, and characterized. Ginsenosidase type IV was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Re and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-xyloside of R1 into ginsenoside Rg1. Subsequently, it could hydrolyze the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside of Rg1 into F1. Similarly, it was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-$_{\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Rg2 and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-glucoside of Rf into Rh1, and then further hydrolyze Rh1 into its aglycone. However, ginsenosidase type IV could not hydrolyze the 3-O- or 20-O-glycosides of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPD), such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd. These exhibited properties are significantly different from those of glycosidases described in Enzyme Nomenclature by the NC-IUBMB. The optimal temperature and pH for ginsenosidase type IV were $40^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. The activity of ginsenosidase type IV was slightly improved by the $Mg^{2+}$ ion, and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The molecular mass of the enzyme, based on SDS-PAGE, was noted as being approximately 56 kDa.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 2006

We induced the activation of melanocytes in the epidermis of C57BL/6 mice by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and observed the effect of red ginseng (RG) on the formation, and decrease of UVB-induced epidermal mel-anocytes. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated by UVB $80mJ/cm^2$ (0.5 mW/sec) daily for 7 days, and RG was intraperitoneally or topically applied pre- or post-irradiation. For the estimation of change of epidermal melanocytes, light microscopic observation with dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) stain was performed. Split epidermal sheets prepared from the ear of untreated mice exhibited 11-16 $melanocytes/mm^2$, and one week after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of strongly DOPA-positive melanocytes with stout dendrites. But intraperitoneal or topical treatment with RG before each irradiation interrupted UVB-induced pigmentation and resulted in a marked reduction in the number of epidermal melanocytes as compared to radiation control skin. The number and size of DOPA-positive epidermal mel-anocytes were also significantly decreased in intraperitoneally injected or topically applicated group after irradiation with RG at 3rd and 6th weeks after irradiation. The present study suggests the RG as inhibitor of UVB-induced pigmentation and depigmenting agent.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6774-6781
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• 2014

This study examined the efficacy and the mechanism of action of biological response modifiers, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on human keratinocytes HaCaT cell lines. A non-significant cytotoxic response was obtained in the HaCaT cell lines on treatment with various concentrations of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 for different time durations. Furthermore, the global changes in the mRNA profile of HaCaT cells were investigated using DNA microarrays after stimulation with the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 strongly increased FGF2 in HaCaT cells, and were found to be a candidate gene for antioxidant activity and elasticity. Other key candidate genes for antioxidant activity, such as FANCD2, LEPR, and FAS, also show enhanced regulation in HaCaT cells treated with ginsenoside Rb1. This study will be useful for understanding the regulatory genes involved in skin elasticity and signal transduction pathway stimulated by the ginsenoside Rb1. This paper currently focuses on the key factors regulating the interaction of anti-aging principles and skin elasticity.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.368-378
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• 2021

Purpose: When patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) undergo non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection requiring gastrectomy (NC-ESD-RG), additional medical resources and expenses are required for surgery. To reduce this burden, predictive model for NC-ESD-RG is required. Materials and Methods: Data from 2,997 patients undergoing ESD for 3,127 forceps biopsy-proven differentiated-type EGCs (2,345 and 782 in training and validation sets, respectively) were reviewed. Using the training set, the logistic stepwise regression analysis determined the independent predictors of NC-ESD-RG (NC-ESD other than cases with lateral resection margin involvement or piecemeal resection as the only non-curative factor). Using these predictors, a risk-scoring system for predicting NC-ESD-RG was developed. Performance of the predictive model was examined internally with the validation set. Results: Rate of NC-ESD-RG was 17.3%. Independent pre-ESD predictors for NC-ESD-RG included moderately differentiated or papillary EGC, large tumor size, proximal tumor location, lesion at greater curvature, elevated or depressed morphology, and presence of ulcers. A risk-score was assigned to each predictor of NC-ESD-RG. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting NC-ESD-RG was 0.672 in both training and validation sets. A risk-score of 5 points was the optimal cut-off value for predicting NC-ESD-RG, and the overall accuracy was 72.7%. As the total risk score increased, the predicted risk for NC-ESD-RG increased from 3.8% to 72.6%. Conclusions: We developed and validated a risk-scoring system for predicting NC-ESD-RG based on pre-ESD variables. Our risk-scoring system can facilitate informed consent and decision-making for preoperative treatment selection between ESD and surgery in patients with EGC.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.453-456
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• 2005

In this paper, design of speed observer and controller for AC servo system by rapid design system(RG-01D) using DSP of Realgain company is introduced. 'AC Servo-Designer' system, including CEMTool/SIMTool S/W, RG-DSOPIO board, AC servo driver and AUTOTool program, is used in this research. Because 'AC Servo-Designer' system can use SIMTool blocks to design and implement various controller in short time, speed observer and controller for AC servo system is easily designed and implemented according to control objectives.