• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 2011

A greening phenomenon has been observed in some plant foods such as chestnut, sweet potato, burdock, and others during processing. The formation of the pigments was postulated as reactions of primary amino compounds with chi orogenic acid or caffeic acid ester, yielding acridine derivatives. Acridine derivatives have been regarded as mutagenetic agents. For the reason, the bacterial reverse mutation test was carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of green pigment using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, lysine, and phenylalanine were reacted repectively with chlorogenic acid to synthesize model compound. Green pigment was extracted from sweet potato. Maximum concentration of 2 and 50 mg/plate was tested for the synthetic green pigments and extracted green pigment respectively, taking bacterial survival, solubility, and color intensity into consideration. There was no signigicant increase in the reverse mutation either with or without S9 activation system by any test material. Though further studies with other genotoxicity test system are necessary, both synthetic and sweet potato green pigments seemed not to cause mutation despite the acridine moiety in their structures.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 1998

Mutagenicity of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was examined in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, in the chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and in the micronucleus test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or wothout a metabolic activation system (59 Mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA 1537. The rhEPO did not significantly increase revertant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at dose levels ranging from 1000 H/ml to 62.5 lu/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells, the number of aberrant cells was not increased in the presence or absence of 59 Mix at concentrations of 1000 lU/ml to 250 lU/ml, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given rhEPO intraperitoneally at a dose level of 25000, 12500 and 6250 lU/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was not different from that of the vehicle control. From these results, rhEPO is considered to be non-mutagenic under the present test conditions.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid compound contained in many fruits, vegetables and honey. In our experiment, we investigated genotoxicity of chrysin using bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberration test, in vivo micronucleus test. In bacterial reverse mutation assay, chrysin did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA102 with and without metabolic activation. In chromosome aberration test, chrysin did not also induce structural and numerical abberations regardless of metabolic activation in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was observed in ICR male mice orally administered with chrysin at the dose of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg body weight. Taken together these results, chrysin has no mutagenic potential in our experiment.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2002

In order to investigate the safety of Aralia elata extract causing the reduction in the blood glucose level and oxidative stress in diabetes animals, these genotoxicity studies in bacterial and mammalian cell assay system such as Ames bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration assay were performed. As results, in Ames bacterial reversion assay the extract in the range of 5,000-625 ug/plate did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains with and without metabolic activation of S-9 mixture. For chromosomal aberration assay, $IC_{50}$ (50% inhibition concentration of cell growth) of the extract were determined; 792 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ without and 524 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ with S-9 mixture in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cell culture. Any significant chromosomal aberration was not observed in CHL cells treated with the extract at the concentrations of 792, 396 and 198 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ or 524, 262 and 131 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in the absence or presence of S-9 metabolic activation, respectively. From these results, Aralia elata extract did not induce any harmful effects on the gene in bacteria and mammalian cell system used in these experiments.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2002

AG6O, the complex of acriflavine and guanosine, has been shown to possess the synergistic antitumorigenic activity in the previous paper (J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1997, 49:216). In this study, we have investigated the genotoxic properties of AG60 using in vitro and in vivo system such as Ames bacterial reversion test, chromosomal aberration assay and micronucleus assay. In Ames reverse mutation test, AG60 treatment at the dose range up to 250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate caused the dose-independent random induction of the mutagenic colony formation in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1537, and E. coli WP2uvrA, while any mutagenic effect of AG60 wasn't observed in S. typhimurium TA1535. Any significant chromosomal aberration wasn't observed in chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cells incubated with PBS or AG60 at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ for 24 hours without but even with 59 metabolic activation system for 6 hours. In vivo ICR mice, the intramuscular injection of AG60 at the doses of 7.15, 14.3, and 28.6 mg/kg did not induce the frequency of micronucleus formation. However, mitomycin C, as one of the positive controls at the dose of 2 mg/kg caused the 8.4% induction in the frequency of micronucleus and 24% increase in the chromosomal aberration.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.633-645
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• 2015

This study investigates the genotoxicity of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum AF1 (L.plantarum AF1) and Lactobacillus plantarum HD1 (L. plantarum HD1) isolated from kimchi. The genetic toxicity of crude antifungal compounds was evaluated in bacterial reverse mutation in Salmonella and Escherichia spp., chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells, and micronucleous formations in mice. In bacterial reversion assays with Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and WP2uvrA, crude antifungal compounds did not increase the number of revertant colonies in both the absence and presence of the 59 metabolic activation system. In the chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster lung cells, crude antifungal compounds showed no increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the short-period test with/without the S9 mix or in the continuos test. In the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, crude antifungal compounds showed no increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei. The results show that crude antifungal compounds produced by L. plantarum AF1 and L. plantarum HD1 did not induce any genotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-78
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• 1999

In order to evaluate the mutagenic potential of Typhoid vaccine, 3 sets of mutagenicity tests were performed. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, Typhoid vaccine did not increase the number of revertant at the doses of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate. I n chromosome aberration analysis using CHO cells were not found chromosomal aberration in different concentrations with or without metabolic activation at the doses of 0.25 mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1mg/ml. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in ICE male mice intramuscularly administered with Typhoid vaccine at the dosed of 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1mg/ml. These results indicate that Typhoid vaccine gas no mutagenic potential in these in vitro and in vivo systems.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-239
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• 2001

CJ-50005 is an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from hepatitis A virus (HM175) grown in human MRC-5 diploid fibroblasts cell culture. In order to evaluate the mutagenic potential of CJ-50005, : 3 sets of mutagenicity tests were performed. In the reverse mutation test wing Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1 537, TA98, TA100 and TA102, CJ-50005 did not increase the number of revertants at any concentration tested in this study (2.8, 1.4, 0.7, 0.35 and 0.175 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate). CJ-50005, at concentration of 2.8, 1.4 and 0.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, did not increase the number of cells having structural or numerical chromosome aberration in cytogenic test using Chinese Hamster Lung cells. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in ICR male and female mice intraperitoneally administered with CJ-50005 at the doses of 25, 12.5 and 6.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. These results indicate that CJ-50005 has no mutagenic potential in these in vitro and in vivo system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.224-231
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• 1996

DA-5018, a non-narcotic analgesic agent, was examined for mutagenicity in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and micronucleus test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or without a metabolic activation system(S9 mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537. DA-5018 did not significantly increase revertant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at concentrations ranging from 0.0049 to 1.25 mg/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese Hamster Lung(CHL) cells, DA-5018 did not increase the number of aberrant cells in the presence or absence of S9 mix at concentrations of 0.016 mM/plate to 0.25 mM/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given DA-5018 intraperitoneally at a dose level of 0.55, 1.10 and 2.20 mg/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the DA-5018 treated mice was not significantly different from that of the vehicle control. These results indicate that DA-5018 does not have mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 1995

DA-3002, an authentic recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH), was examined for mutagenicity in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, in the chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and in the micronucleous test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or without a metabolic activation system(S9 Mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537. DA-3002 did not significantly increase revertant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at dose levels ranging from 0.0125 to 0.4 IU/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese hamster lung(CHL) cells, DA-3002 did not increase the number of aberrant cells in the presence or absence of S9 mix at concentrations of 0.0125 IU/mι to 0.4 IU/mι, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given DA-3002 intraperitoneally at a dose level of 20, 40 and 80 lU/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the DA-3002 treated mice did not differ from that of the vehicle control. These results indicate that DA-3002 doesn't have mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.