Conceptual Framework of Reverse Retail Internationalization: From the Perspective of Retail Innovation and Retail Format
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- Journal of Distribution Science
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- v.14 no.11
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- pp.5-17
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- 2016
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to establish an conceptual framework to explain the mechanism of internationalization behavior being used by recently established retailer in emerging countries. Research design, data, and methodology - The existing research on retail internationalization has focused on global retailers located in advanced countries which have expanded their business to emerging countries. That is, "internationalization from top to bottom". However, recent years have seen a reversal in this trend, resulting in the emergence of "internationalization from bottom to top" by retailers based in emerging economies. In order to explore this reversal, this study attempts to develop an conceptual framework based on the theories of "innovation" and "retail format". Results - This study found an conceptual framework which was adopted both a concept of "formula" derived from the theory of retail format and a concept of "production and process innovation" derived from the theory of innovation as a core concept. Conclusions - The conceptual framework provided an understanding of how retailers in emerging countries have gained a competitive advantage over retail companies based in countries with advanced economies. It suggested that innovation that gave these companies a competitive edge was caused by competitive interaction which allowed them to expand to oversea markets.
Purpose: The covid-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of strict measure such as social distancing and lockdown around the globe and these measures has largely affected the retail industry. This study is to examine the negative impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the acceleration of startups innovation in the retail industry. Research design, data and methodology: The current authors used the qualitative content approach and the data collection process in this procedure starts with a formulated and direct research question which means that rather than asking how a change in one variable leads to a change in the other, the research question seeks to understand the meanings and experiences derived from the piece of communication. Results: This section outlines how retail companies can overcome the adversely effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the acceleration of startup innovation in the retail industry. The solutions are mostly from peer-reviewed articles. All retailers should respond to the negative impacts of the covid-19 pandemic to ensure their continuity while accelerating startups innovations in the sector. Conclusion: This study implies that the retailing industry, alongside other sectors, should respond to the negative effects of the covid-19 pandemic by encouraging innovations and adaptations. The study has shown that flexibility is very crucial to adapt during the crisis
Purpose - In recent years, new retail innovations have emerged in the Japanese eyeglasses industry and grown as a retail format. The purpose of this study is to establish the process model of retail format creation by examining how a retailer creates a retail format and under what kind of environmental conditions. Research design, data, and methodology - This study pointed out the weakness of the concept of the retail format in existing research on the retail format in existing research on the retail format variation theory and suggested the concept of "Formula" to analyze an individual retailer. This study categorized the subjects categorize the subjects of retail format creation into four categories, and analyzed JINS which is the retail format leader in the Japanese eyeglass industry. This study used secondary data because it is valid. Results - This research found "product handling skill," "changes to consumer purchasing patterns," and "competitive interaction" as environmental factors influencing retail format creation. This study highlighted how JINS adapted those environmental factors to create their original formula and suggested the process model of retail format creation through the JINS case study. Conclusions - This study discussed two theoretical implications and three managerial impressions which were derived from the JINS case study. This study also discussed limitations and further research issues.
The Italian fashion industry has achieved a remarkable success in the global market with the distinctive features of its industry structure and product quality, and such a system has been subject to many researches. Especially, the retail structure centered on small speciality retail stores rather than the industry structure of medium and small sized companies and department stores is thought to be the most noticeable distinctive feature that differentiates the Italian fashion industry from other countries. This system is thought to be a driving force behind the continuous development and innovation closely associated with the market. In result, As medium and small size companies are the center of the Italian fashion industry, advantages of small companies based on region, that is, flexibility and innovation of medium and small size companies, close cooperation between companies are utilized and it has been progressing closely with the Italian traditional culture and being modernized based on traditional technological skills.
Introduction: Diffusion is process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channel overtime among the members of a social system(Rogers 1983). Bass(1969) suggested the Bass model describing diffusion process. The Bass model assumes potential adopters of innovation are influenced by mass-media and word-of-mouth from communication with previous adopters. Various expansions of the Bass model have been conducted. Some of them proposed a third factor affecting diffusion. Others proposed multinational diffusion model and it stressed interactive effect on diffusion among several countries. We add a spatial factor in the Bass model as a third communication factor. Because of situation where we can not control the interaction between markets, we need to consider that diffusion within certain market can be influenced by diffusion in contiguous market. The process that certain type of retail extends is a result that particular market can be described by the retail life cycle. Diffusion of retail has pattern following three phases of spatial diffusion: adoption of innovation happens in near the diffusion center first, spreads to the vicinity of the diffusing center and then adoption of innovation is completed in peripheral areas in saturation stage. So we expect spatial effect to be important to describe diffusion of domestic discount store. We define a spatial diffusion model using multinational diffusion model and apply it to the diffusion of discount store. Modeling: In this paper, we define a spatial diffusion model and apply it to the diffusion of discount store. To define a spatial diffusion model, we expand learning model(Kumar and Krishnan 2002) and separate diffusion process in diffusion center(market A) from diffusion process in the vicinity of the diffusing center(market B). The proposed spatial diffusion model is shown in equation (1a) and (1b). Equation (1a) is the diffusion process in diffusion center and equation (1b) is one in the vicinity of the diffusing center.