• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2018

This study examined the behavior of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) during the estrus period, breeding period, and mating including the estrus period along as well as the effect of environmental factors in an outdoor breeding facility. The average mating duration was 19.95 min (n = 13, range = 1.17-35.25 min). The breeding season was mainly early February (56.6%) for foxes aged more than one year and mid-March (60.0%) for foxes aged less than one year. The mating duration was longest when both male and female were more than one year old ($24.4{\pm}11.08min$), although copulation took place regardless of partner's age. Females that mated twice within two days after estrus started or with two males had 100% pregnancy rate. In addition, the pregnancy rate was highest (87%) when both mating partners were more than one year old. Foxes preferred daytime to nighttime for mating, and thus mating usually took place on sunny days or between 10:00 and 12:00 on partly cloudy days. A male mated with different females for a maximum of five times, and the higher the mating frequency of a male, the longer the mating duration. Interest in mating decreased after three copulations in the case of males and after two copulations in the case of females. Males required at least 4 hours and 46 minutes between the first and second copulation. For this study, we collected reference data that might be applied to breeding programs for the red fox to secure the restoration of individuals of this important species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.64-74
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of vegetation recovery such as the vegetation change and the effect of artificial restoration measures according to the number of years since the restoration works at the damaged Jungbong and Nuebong area in Mudeungsan National Park. We set up a total of 21 survey areas including 11 monitoring areas to analyze the flora, relative dominance, species diversity, and similarity in the restored site after relocation of Zungbong army base in 1996 and the restored site after the demolition of Neeebong telecommunication facility in 1999 and 10 control areas in the adjacent natural forest to assess the vegetation recovery in the restored sites and the nearby natural forest. The Mean Similarity Index of seed composition was relatively low at 3.5% in the Jungbong restoration site 17 years after the restoration, and the height of shrub layer, in which azaleas and furred azaleas appeared, recovered to the level of 82.6%. We concluded that it is necessary to continue monitoring the restored sites to develop the recovery assessment method and recovery work technology for sub-alpine areas in Mudeungsan National Park and other national park areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.207-225
• /
• 2013

Current ecological stream restoration is focusing on recovery of physical characteristic and ecological functions of individual stream. For effective stream restoration, the relationship between stream environment and riparian flora should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures and naturalized plants ratio in small to mid-sized streams. For the study sites, Gwanpyeong stream, Dongdal stream, and Yongchoo streams were chosen as 'reference stream' while, Gunnam stream, Anchang stream, and Hwa stream were chosen as 'damaged stream'. The hydromorphological structures of streams were evaluated with LAWA and flora of the streams were completely enumerated to calculate naturalized plants ratio. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between the outcome of LAWA and naturalized plants ratio(r=0.675, p<0.01). The result of factor analysis of LAWA identified three factors, 'River front and land use', 'River bed materials and structures', and 'Crossing structure and bar'. Among the factors of hydromorphological structures given by the result of factor analysis, 'river front and land use' and 'bed materials and structures' have statistically significant relationship with naturalized plants ratio($R^2$=0.470, p<0.01). Given this results, quantitative analysis on the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures of streams and naturalized plants ratio could provide some essential information for stream restoration. Also, as this study figured out major factors of hydromorphological structures that affect naturalized plants ratio, it might help monitor ecological states and current problems of small and mid-sized streams.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2003

A method of conserving the vegetation at Mt. Chonggye was established to persue a practical management of the natural ecosystem by the vegetative composition analysis. As a result, the vegetation of surveyed areas was classified into two communities and four subcommunities in Mt. Chonggye. Potentilla fragarioides var. major community, known as the roadside plant community, distributed near trails under heavy human impacts. Potentilla fragarioides var. major community included two subcommunities : Digitaria sanguinalis-Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior subcommunity and Rhus chinensis subcommunities. In these communiyies, there were many naturalized plant species such as Aster pilosus and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, known as heliophilous plant. Results indicated that the vegetation had been affected by intensive human activities. It is necessary to control the naturalized plant species such as Aster pilosus for conservation of the ecosystem and nature in this area. Quercus mongolica community, a common coppice woodland in central Korea, was mostly distributed around mountain tops and ridges above 529 m altitute. In the valley where the forests well conserved, the Quercus mongolica community contained the Syneilesis aconitifolia-Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus subcommunity. On the other hand, Potentilla dickinsii subcommunity was dominated in dry rocky ridge areas. In these areas, however, the vegetation and forest soil was not properly managed for conservation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2004

The urban ecosystem, unlike the natural ecosystem, has been affected by the urban environment, so the existences of normal creatures have been threatened and eventually the stability has declined to consist of those that have adapted to such. Therefore, by creating a list of such organisms, their number of variety can be found out and their ecological distinction can be understood. Because flora is known to be an ecological index reflecting region's effects of human and societal environments, weather, and climates, it is a useful method of finding out the ecological position and distinctiveness of that region. The study site is part of watershed at Yangjae Stream, Kahngnam-ku, Seoul. In this study, the difference of flora in each land use type are investigated by plant identification. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the city's plant surviving environment, and eventually to contribute to the restoration of urban green spaces by finding out the plants which are appropriate for the corresponding environment. After doing the study, it was found that the urban forest is the most stable urban ecosystem while the urban park is seriously disturbed, and ecologically unstable. The urban stream is also disturbed continuously.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2005

The investigation and evaluation of river naturalness was conducted for sample rivers-Hongchungang, Mihochun, Naesungchun - using the method from previous paper 'The Evaluation of River Naturalness for Habitat Restoration : I. Proposal of Evaluation Method'. As a result, Hongchungang and Naesungchun, Mihochun showed 2$^{nd}$ Grades with averaged point 1.92, 1.43, and 2.31. Also comparison and examination of the relationship between water quality and river naturalness shows a little relation with coefficient of correlation 0.575. This result means that the evaluation of river naturalness can be possibly used as index to evaluate river ecology, from a different standpoint with water quality.oint with water quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.28-37
• /
• 2010

This study is intend to evaluate natural conservation value, and to suggest natural park plan based on conservation value evaluation. In this study evaluation items are selected through related studies about ecological conservation evaluation, and evaluation items in this study can be classified into 2 aspects, ecological environment and topographic environment. After each evaluation items are overlaid with GIS program, management levels are derived from comprehensive overlaid maps of each evaluation items. Management areas can be classified into 5 levels; Critical Conservation Area, Conservation Area, Restoration Area, Passive Usable Area, Active Development Area and Settlement Area. So management areas can be matched each management levels to land use of natural park, that is district of preservation, district of natural environment, district of settlements and district of mass facilities. This study have good enough to evaluate ecological value for natural park plan, but, it is difficult to evaluate conservation value only with maps of each evaluation items, so it needs supplementary field survey for precise conservation value evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.69-79
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to suggest a guideline that can be used as a standard for consultation and review by environmental impact assessment consultation and review practitioner to enhance the practical effectiveness of creating alternative habitats. The consultation stage of environmental impact assessment was significantly divided into 1) preparation of draft environmental impact assessment reports and gathering of consensus thereon, 2) preparation of environmental impact assessment reports and consultation thereon, 3) follow-up survey of environmental impacts(under construction) and 4) follow-up survey of environmental impacts(in operation). And it was suggested that the procedures of creating alternative habitat by each consultation stage were linked in order of 1) planning, 2) designing, 3) construction, and 4) post-monitoring and maintenance. The basic principles were also proposed for each stage of consultation on environmental impact assessment and procedure for the creation of alternate habitats. Then, issues and methods to be reviewed by the consulting agency and review agency of environmental impact assessment were presented in detail. The guideline of this study provides important information not only to environmental impact assessment consultation and review practitioner, but also to developers and environmental impact assessment agents who plan, construct, and manage alternative habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 2015

This study is for deriving an evaluation system which fits to the domestic urban river. For this, two times of Delphi survey was conducted to various experts who are eminent for ecology, urban design, governance, landscape architecture, hydrology. The purpose was for analysing validity and getting extra opinion of evaluation items which were preferentially have chosen. Reflecting $1^{st}$ survey's opinions as changing the word or explaining more details, the second survey was conducted, In this time, all evaluation items were analysed as valid and experts agreed with that. In conclusion, the evaluation items, "Amenity", "Biodiversity", "Ecosystem service", "Governance", "Management", which are for evaluating domestic urban river environment were derived.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.105-114
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out to find growth increasing methods of Rhododendron mucronulatum in Mt. Biseul. 4 treatments(heavy pruning, light pruning, non-pruning+fertilization, non-pruning(control)) were used in the study area with different pruning methods. Growth characteristics of new shoot, number of creation of flower buds and leaf buds in new shoot were analysed. Significant differences were observed among the treatments and stem diameter degree. Diameter, length of new shoots and the number of flower buds, leaf buds per new shoots increased in the pruning treatments. But heavy pruning showed more effective growth increasing way than light pruning. Non-pruning and fertilization treatments were not effective to increase growth of Rhododendron mucronulatum. And pruning at the end of May was the most effective way for growth of new shoot.