• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2022

In order to measure the respiratory rate, one of the major vital signs, many devices have been developed and related studies have been conducted. In particular, as the number of wearers of respirators increases in the COVID-19 pandemic situation, studies have been conducted to measure the respiratory rate of the wearer by attaching an electronic sensor to the respirator, but most of them are cases in which an air flow sensor or a microphone sensor is used. In this study, we design and develop a system that measures the respiratory rate of the wearer using an air pressure sensor in a respirator. Air pressure sensors are inexpensive and consume less power than the other sensors. In addition, since the amount of data required for calculation is small and the algorithm is simple, it is suitable for small-scale and low-power processing devices such as Arduino. We developed an algorithm to measure the respiratory rate of a respirator wearer by analysing air pressure change patterns. In addition, variables that can affect air pressure changes were selected, and experimental scenarios were designed according to the variables. According to the designed scenario, we collected air pressure data while the respirator wearer was breathing. The performance of the developed system was evaluated using the collected data.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2023

Purpose : Stabilization exercise and respiratory muscle training are used to train trunk muscles that affect postural control and respiratory function. However, there have been no studies that combine stabilization exercise and respiratory muscle training. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training on respiratory function and postural sway. Methods : Fifteen healthy adults were recruited for this experiment. All the subjects performed stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training. For stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training, the subjects sat on a gym ball wearing a stretch sensor. The subjects inspire maximally as long as possible during lifting one foot off the ground, alternately for 30 seconds. The stretch sensor was placed on both anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), and the stretch sensor was used to monitor inspiration. For stabilization exercise without respiratory muscle training, the subjects sat on a gym ball and lifted one foot off the ground, without respiratory muscle training. Kinovea program used to investigate postural sway tracking during exercise. The maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured using a spirometer to investigate changes of respiratory muscle strength before and after exercise. A paired t-test was used to determine significant differences postural sway tracking, MIP, and MEP between stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training. Results : There were significantly lower a distance of postural sway tracking during stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training, compared with stabilization exercise without respiratory muscle training (p<.05). The MIP and MEP were significantly increased after stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training compared with before stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle trianing (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that stabilization exercise with repiratory muscle training would be recommended to improve postural control and respiratory muscle strength.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a breath control training system for breath-hold technique and respiratory-gated radiation therapy wherein the patients can learn breath-hold techniques in their convenient environment. Methods: The breath control training system comprises a sensor device and software. The sensor device uses a loadcell sensor and an adjustable strap around the chest to acquire respiratory signals. The device connects via Bluetooth to a computer where the software is installed. The software visualizes the respiratory signal in near real-time with a graph. The developed system can signal patients through visual (software), auditory (buzzer), and tactile (vibrator) stimulation when breath-holding starts. A motion phantom was used to test the basic functions of the developed breath control training system. The relative standard deviation of the maxima of the emulated free breathing data was calculated. Moreover, a relative standard deviation of a breath-holding region was calculated for the simulated breath-holding data. Results: The average force of the maxima was 487.71 N, and the relative standard deviation was 4.8%, while the average force of the breath hold region was 398.5 N, and the relative standard deviation was 1.8%. The data acquired through the sensor was consistent with the motion created by the motion phantom. Conclusions: We have developed a breath control training system comprising a sensor device and software that allow patients to learn breath-hold techniques in their convenient environment.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.235-239
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• 2010

In this study, we have fabricated two types of non-invasive fiber-optic respiration sensors that can measure respiratory signals during magnetic resonance (MR) image acquisition. One is a nasal-cavity attached sensor that can measure the temperature variation of air-flow using a thermochromic pigment. The other is an abdomen attached sensor that can measure the abdominal circumference change using a sensing part composed of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) tubes, a mirror and a spring. We have measured modulated light guided to detectors in the MRI control room via optical fibers due to the respiratory movements of the patient in the MR room, and the respiratory signals of the fiber-optic respiration sensors are compared with those of the BIOPAC$^{(R)}$ system. We have verified that respiratory signals can be obtained without deteriorating the MR image. It is anticipated that the proposed fiber-optic respiration sensors would be highly suitable for respiratory monitoring during surgical procedures performed inside an MRI system.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2023

Objective: The practice of breathing exercises involves altering the depth and frequency of respiration. Strengthening respiratory muscles plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. The efficiency of the respiratory system affects not only physical activity but also various physiological processes including cardiovascular health, lung function, and cognitive abilities. The study evaluated the reliability of the developed device for inspiratory/expiratory training using pressure sensors and Bluetooth connectivity with a smartphone application. Design: Design & development research Methods: The research methodology involved connecting a custom-made respiratory sensor to an IMT-PEP BIC Breath device. Various pressure conditions were measured, and statistical analyses were performed to assess reliability and consistency. Results showed high Intraclass Coefficient Correlation (ICC) values for both inspiratory and expiratory pressures, indicating strong test-retest reliability. The device was designed for ease of use and wireless monitoring through a smartphone app. Results: This study conducted at expiratory pressure confirmed the proper operation of the IMT/PEP breathing trainer at the specified pressure setting in the product. The pressure sensor demonstrated high test-retest reliability with an ICC value of 0.999 for both expiratory and inspiratory pressure measurements. Conclusions: The developed respiratory training device measured and monitored inspiratory and expiratory pressures, demonstrating its reliability for respiratory training. The system could be utilized to record training frequency and intensity, providing potential benefits for patients requiring respiratory interventions. Further research is needed to assess the full potential of the device in diverse populations and applications.

• 감성과학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 직물형 스트레인게이지 센서의 종류와 측정 위치가 호흡 신호 검출 성능에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 호흡 신호 측정을 위하여 두 가지 종류의 센서를 구현하고 이를 밴드에 부착하여 호흡신호를 검출하였다. 20대의 건강한 남성 8명을 대상으로 호흡 측정 밴드 2종을 순차적으로 피험자에게 착용하도록 하였다. 피험자가 편안하게 서 있는 상태에서 분당 15회의 호흡을 동기화시켰다. 30초 동안의 호흡 신호를 측정하고 10초간 휴식을 취하도록 한 후 다시 30초 동안의 호흡 신호를 반복 측정하였다. 측정 위치는 흉부와 복부에서 각각 측정하였다. 또한 동작 상태에서의 호흡 측정 성능을 검증하기 위하여 피험자를 80SPM의 속도로 제자리에서 걷게 하고 이 때의 호흡 신호를 동일한 실험 방법으로 측정하였다. 한편 참조 신호를 획득하기 위해 'BIOPAC Systems, Inc.'의 SS5LB를 착용하게 한 후 동시에 측정하였다. 센서의 종류, 측정 위치, 동작 상태의 총 8개 조합의 집단 간 측정 성능의 차이를 검증하기 위해서 SPSS 24.0을 사용하여 Kruskal-Wallis test와 Bonferroni 사후검정을 실행하였다. 또한 센서 종류, 측정 위치, 동작 상태에 따라 각각 차이가 있는지를 분석하기 위해 Wilcoxon test를 실시하였다. 분석 결과 동작 상태와 관계없이 CNT기반의 직물센서를 통해 흉부에서 호흡 신호를 측정 했을 때 호흡 신호 검출 성능이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 기반으로 향후에는 야외 환경에서 또는 일상활동 중에도 동작에 방해 없이 다양한 생체신호를 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수 있는 가슴벨트형 웨어러블 플랫폼을 개발하고자 한다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2012

영구자석과 반도체 홀센서가 구비된 집게형 맥진기로 얻은 맥진파형에 고속 푸리에변환(FFT)을 적용하여 생체신호인 호흡수를 추출하였다. 추출된 호흡수는 맥진파형의 형태가 항상 변화하는 요인에 의존하는 심장의 운동에 대한 오차까지 고려하였다. 인위적인 호흡수 템포 15, 20, 30, 40, 50에 각각 측정한 맥진파형의 FFT 스펙트럼에서 피크값과 일치하는 주파수 0.125 Hz, 0.16 Hz, 0.25 Hz, 0.33 Hz, 0.41 Hz와 일치하였다. 100 s, 200 s, 300 s 동안 얻은 맥진파형 데이터에서 호흡성분 추출 알고리즘을 적용한 결과, 시간이 긴 300 s에서 FFT 스펙트럼 피크가 가장 크게 뾰쪽해지는 결과를 얻었다. 집게형 맥진기가 인체의 물리적인 영향을 주는 호흡수를 추출해 내는데 유용한 기기임을 확인하였다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.407-413
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• 2018

Most sleep apnea patients exhibit severe snoring, and long-lasting sleep apnea may cause insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and other diseases. Although polysomnography is the typical sleep diagnostic method to accurately diagnose sleep apnea by measuring a variety of bio-signals that occur during sleep, it is inconvenient as the patient has to sleep with attached electrodes at the hospital for the diagnosis. In this study, a diagnostic pillow is designed to measure respiration, heart rate, and snoring during sleep, using only one polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor. A PVDF sensor with piezoelectric properties was inserted into a specially made instrument to extract accurate signals regardless of the posture during sleep. Wavelet analysis was used to identify the extractability and frequency domain signals of respiration, heart rate, and snoring from the signals generated by the PVDF sensor. In particular, to separate the respiratory signal in the 0.2~0.5 Hz frequency region, wavelet analysis was performed after removing 1~2 Hz frequency components. In addition, signals for respiration, heart rate, and snoring were separated from the PVDF sensor signal through a Butterworth filter and median filter based on the information obtained from the wavelet analysis. Moreover, the possibility of measuring sleep apnea from these separated signals was confirmed. To verify the usefulness of this study, data obtained during sleeping was used.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제17A권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2010

대부분의 모바일 웨어러블 헬스케어 모니터링 의류 시스템은 생체신호를 측정할 수 있는 센서와 데이터 취득과 무선 통신 및 제어를 담당하는 회로부, 이들을 내장하는 의복으로 구성된다. 기존의 의복형 헬스케어 시스템은 센서를 의복에 장시간 내장하기가 어렵고, 피부 접촉 시 시간에 따라 저항 값이 변화하기 때문에 장기적인 생체 신호 모니터링이 쉽지 않으며, 센서 전극과 회로 사이에 존재하는 신호선의 물리적 장애 요인도 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여, PVDF에 PEDOT 재료를 코팅하여 만든 패브릭 나노웹 ECG 전극과 PVDF 필름을 사용한 호흡 센서를 $10\;{\mu}m$ 두께의 디지털 실을 이용하여 사용자의 의류와 일체화하였다. 탈부착이 가능한 무선 블루투스(Bluetooth) 내장 스테이션과 디지털실로 기존 의류와 일체화한 생체 신호 측정용 의류 제작을 통해, 휴대폰에서 손쉽게 심전도(ECG)와 맥박신호를 표시 할 수 있었다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2020

A lot of research has been conducted on a system that collects and observes patients' health information in real time using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and cares for and supports patients based on this. However, most studies have focused on underlying diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, and research on IoT systems to cope with respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 is still insufficient. In a COVID-19 situation, the purpose of using an IoT respirator may vary depending on the user. In this paper, we design a system that can adequately cope with respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by applying IoT technology to respiratory protection. We categorize IoT respirator wearers into patients, medical staff, and self-quarantine persons, and define the purpose and use case of the IoT respirator system according to each classification. The proposed IoT respirator system was designed to achieve each purpose. We developed a prototype system consisting of a smart sensor, a communication module, and a non-motorized hooded respirator to show that the proposed IoT respirator system works.