• 제목/요약/키워드: Resource-based relative value

검색결과 54건 처리시간 0.03초

An E-score Development Methodology for Life Cycle Impact Assessment

  • Young-Min Park;Jai-Rip Cho
    • 산업경영시스템학회지
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    • 제24권68호
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    • pp.51-65
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    • 2001
  • This study is to make LCIA(Life Cycle Impact Assessment) easier as a methodology of environmental scores(called E-score) that integrated environmental load of each emission substance based on environmental damage such as in human health, ecosystem and resources category. The concept is to analyzes the LCI(Life Cycle Inventory) and defines the level of environment damages for human health, ecosystem and resources to objective impact assessment standard, and makes the base of marginal damage to calculate the damage factor, which can present the indication that can establish the standard value of environmental impact. First, damages to human health are calculated by fate analysis, effect analysis and damage analysis to get the damage factor of health effect as a DALY(Disability Adjusted Life Years) unit. Second, damages to ecosystem are calculated by fate analysis, effect analysis and damage analysis to get the damage factor of the effect as a PDF(Potentially Disappeared Fraction) unit through linking potentially increased disappeared fraction. Third, damages to resources are carried out by resource analysis and damage analysis for linking the lower fate to surplus energy conception to get damage factor as a MJ(Mega Joule) unit. For the ranking of relative environment load level each other, LCIA can be carried out effectively by applying this E-score methodology to the particular emission substances. A case study has been introduced for the emission substances coming out of a tire manufacturer in Korea. It is to show how to work the methodology. Based on such study result, product-designers or producers now can apply the E-scores presented in this study to the substances of emission list, and then calculate the environment load of the product or process in advance at any time and can see the environment performance comparatively and expected to contribute to the environmental improvement in view of environmental pollution prevention.

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단감분말을 함유한 저지방 돈육 미트패티의 냉동 저장 중 품질 변화 (Improved Quality Properties of Low-Fat Meat Patties Containing Sweet Persimmon Powder during Freeze Storage)

  • 김일석;진상근;하창주
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.113-121
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    • 2008
  • 열풍건조 단감분말과 동결건조 단감분말을 각각 0%, 3%, 6%을 첨가하여 미트 패티를 제조한 후 $-18^{\circ}C$에 40일간 저장하면서 품질특성을 평가하였다. 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 제품의 pH는 30일까지 유의적으로 낮았으나(p<0.05) 40일차에는 약간 증가하였다. 보수력은 대조구와 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 가열감량은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 단감분말이 첨가된 처리구들이 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 육색 측정결과, 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(b) 모두 유의적으로 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 처리구와 비교 시 대조구의 명도가 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), 적색도와 황색도는 처리구들이 다소 높은 값을 보였다. 직경감소율은 저장기간이 길어질수록 증가하였다(p<0.05). 미생물 분석결과 저장 40일차까지 총균수는 4.20 log CFU/g를 유지하여 양호하였으나, T3 및 T4는 대조구보다 총균수와 대장균수가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). VBN 분석결과 T4가 저장 15일차부터 40일까지 다른 제품들에 비해 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), TBARS는 대조구에 비해 처리구들이 모두 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 관능평가에서 전체적인 기호도는 처리구가 대조구에 비해서 다소 높게 평가받았다. 이상의 결과로서 다양한 생리활성물질을 가지는 열풍 또는 동결건조 단감분말은 기능성 식품의 소재로서 미트패티류 제품에 적용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Bacillus subtilis NRLSI IV로 제조한 청국장의 접종포자농도 및 발효온도에 따른 품질 특성 (Quality characteristics of chunggugjaug prepared byBacillus subtilis NRLSI IV with different inoculum levels and fermentation temperatures)

  • 김경미;김행란;유선미;김진숙;최정숙
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제22권3호통권93호
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    • pp.291-298
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    • 2006
  • B. subtilis NRLSI IV 균주를 이용하여 포자농도와 발효온도를 달리하여 제조한 청국장의 생균수, 이화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성의 결과는 다음과 같다. 포자농도별$(10^2,\;10^4,\;10^6,\;10^8\;CFU/mL)$로 제조한 청국장에서, 생균수, 환원당 및 아미노태질소는 $10^6\;CFU/mL$ 농도에서 가장 높은 반면, 기능성 물질로 밝혀진 점질물의 상대점도와 경도는 $10^2\;CFU/mL$ 농도에서 가장 높았다. 청국장의 이취 물질인 암모니아태 질소는 포자농도가 높아짐에 따라 급격히 증가하였다. 청국장의 관능검사 결과 $10^2\;CFU/mL$ 농도에서 외관, 색상, 청국장 맛 및 점질물의 점도에서 가장 높은 점수를 나타냈으며 이취는 가장 낮았다. 따라서 암모니아태 질소 함량이 낮고 상대점도 및 관능검사 결과가 우수한 조건의 청국장을 제조하기 위한 포자농도로 $10^2\;CFU/mL$가 적정한 것으로 사료되었다. 적정 포자농도인 $10^2\;CFU/mL$를 접종하여 발효온도별$(30,\;35,\;40,\;45^{\circ}C)$로 제조한 청국장의 특성을 살펴보면, $40^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 청국장의 생균수가 가장 많았고 $45^{\circ}C$에서 가장 적었다. 환원당 함량의 경우 발효온도가 높을수록 약간 증가하였으나 $30-40^{\circ}C$에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 아미노태 질소 함량은 발효온도가 $30^{\circ}C$일 때 가장 높았고 $45^{\circ}C$$30^{\circ}C$에 비해 약 2.5배 낮은 함량을 보였고 암모니아태 질소 함량은 발효온도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 청국장의 관능검사 결과, 외관은 발효온도가 높을수록 높은 점수를 보였고, 균 형성 정도, 점질물의 점도 및 청국장 맛에서는 $40^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높은 점수를 나타냈으며 이취는 가장 낮았다. 청국장의 이화학적 특성, 상대점도 및 관능검사 결과에 의하여, 포자농도 $10^2\;CFU/mL$를 접종하여 청국장을 제조할 경우 $40^{\circ}C$에서 발효하는 것이 적정한 것으로 사료된다.

이중 가격 불확실성하에서 실물옵션 모형기반 연료전지 발전소 경제적 가치 분석 (Estimating the Investment Value of Fuel Cell Power Plant Under Dual Price Uncertainties Based on Real Options Methodology)

  • 김선호;전우영
    • 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.645-668
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    • 2022
  • 발전, 수송, 저장, 산업공정 등 에너지 사용 전반에서 탄소중립의 중요한 수단으로 수소에너지가 부각되고 있다. 연료전지 발전소는 수소 생태계에서 가장 빠르게 보급되고 있으며 2050 탄소중립 구현을 위한 핵심적인 발전원 중 하나이다. 하지만 연료전지 발전소의 수익에 영향을 미치는 전력도매가격(SMP)과 신재생에너지 공급인증서(REC) 가격의 높은 변동성은 잠재적 사업자들의 투자시기를 지연시켜 보급에 걸림돌로 작동하고 있다. 본 연구는 실물옵션 방법론을 적용하여 비가역적인 연료전지 발전소의 투자결정에 있어서 SMP와 REC 가격 이중 불확실성이 투자임계가격 수준에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 분석 내용은 다음의 3가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 현행 신재생에너지 공급의무화제도(RPS)하에서 사업자에게 전가되는 이중가격 불확실성은 결정론적 가격 대비 투자임계가격을 상당히 증가시켜 현재 가격 수준에서 경제성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, REC 가격 변동성을 현재의 절반으로 경감하는 것은 REC 가중치를 한 단위 추가로 부여하는 것 만큼의 투자임계가격 하락 효과를 유발하였다. 셋째, 기존 부생수소 기반 연료전지와 함께 그레이 수소, 그린 수소 기반 투자임계가격을 분석하였으며, 그레이 수소의 경우 탄소배출권 비용이 적용될 경우 그린 수소와 경제성이 상당 부분 좁혀지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 현행 RPS 제도가 연료전지 발전소 보급에 저해요소로 작동하며, 보다 비용 효율적이고 안정적인 수소 생태계 구축을 위해서는 정책보완이 필요함을 시사한다.

국내외 치과 의료수가 비교현황 : 한국, 일본, 독일, 미국을 중심으로 (Comparative study on Dental fees of Korea, Japan, Germany and United States)

  • 류재인;김철신;정세환;신보미
    • 대한치과의사협회지
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    • 제53권4호
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    • pp.266-274
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    • 2015
  • The price for health service are decided by very complicated process because many of factors are related with them. The RBRVS(resource-based relative value scale) were used to calculate the Korean health service fees including dental fees. This study aimed to compare dental fees of Korea with other countries, such as Japan, Germany, and the US for evaluating the adequacy. Dental fees were categorized as oral evaluation and imaging, dental treatment including restorative, periodontal, and surgical work, and preventive treatment and compared by each country. The official documents about dental fees were collected from Korea, Japan, Germany, and the US. Each fee was presented as their own currency at first. Then they were converted into Korean won (KRW) by applying the market exchange rates at a specific point of time. Finally the fees were adjusted by purchasing power parities (PPPs) which equalize the different currencies. In general, the level of Korean fees were markedly low compared to those of Japan, Germany, and the US. German fees were similar or higher than that of Japan, and the US. The Korean fees were lower than three other countries 1.2~4.1 times for oral evaluation and 2.2~7.3 times lower for panoramic radiography. The endodontic fees of Japan, Germany, and the US were higher 1.8~15.3 times and 4.0~35.9 times for the deciduous teeth extraction compared to the Korean. In Japan the prophylaxis was 3.2 times more priced than the Korean fee. Exceptionally, the fees for re-evaluation, amalgam filling, and scaling were lower priced in Japan than other countries. This study has limitations on the items in definition and contents of dental practices units which were not exactly comparable and differently determined by countries. However, this study is meaningful because it surveyed the price levels to compare four different countries and then applied PPPs adjustment. This finding can be used to develop the dental RBRVs of Korean national health insurance and will contribute to improving the payment systems of health care.

급성기병원 인증기준의 가중치 도출: 계층적 분석법을 활용하여 (Deriving Criteria Weights for Acute Care Hospital Accreditation in South Korea: Using Analytic Hierarchy Process)

  • 오화영;이현정;옥민수;김인호;장호열;최지은
    • 한국의료질향상학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.33-43
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    • 2024
  • Purpose:The acute hospital accreditation program launched in South Korea has shown positive effects on safety culture and quality of care. However, relative weights have not yet been investigated for accreditation criteria with a hierarchical structure. This study aimed to derive the relative weights of acute-care hospital accreditation criteria. Methods: We conducted an online survey using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique to assess the validity, importance, and urgency of acute hospital accreditation criteria. The AHP online survey link was distributed in November 2022 after obtaining informed consent from 10 experts in hospital accreditation. Results: 'Basic value system' ranked highest, while 'patient care system' ranked second in terms of validity, importance, and urgency. 'Performance management system' had the lowest validity and urgency, while 'organizational management system' carried the lowest importance. Within the 'patient care system' domain, 'surgery and anesthesia sedation management' scored highest in validity and importance, and 'patient care' scored highest in urgency. 'Care delivery system and evaluation' received the lowest scores for all three aspects. In the 'organizational management system' domain, infection control ranked highest in terms of validity, importance, and urgency. The lowest validity was observed for 'management and organizational operation' and the lowest importance and urgency were noted for 'human resource management'. Conclusion: The weights for validity, importance, and urgency, as shown in each domain and chapter, and the number of measurable elements included, are largely inconsistent. This study will contribute to the development of the structure and scientific improvement of accreditation standards.

백두대간 조침령-신배령 구간 소나무림과 신갈나무림의 군락구조 (Community Structure of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan)

  • 이하영;김혜진;신학섭;한상학;고승연;송주현;이중효;장경환;윤충원
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제103권3호
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    • pp.339-352
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    • 2014
  • 백두대간 조침령-신배령 구간 소나무림과 신갈나무림을 대상으로 2012년 4월부터 2013년 8월까지 영구조사구($100m{\times}100m$) 설치하여 조사하였다. 총 50개소의 산림식생조사 자료를 토대로 Z-M식물사회학적 방법에 의해 식생유형 분류를 수행하였던바, 최상위 수준에서 신갈나무군락군이 분류되었으며, 군락단위에서는 물푸레나무군락과 까치박달군락으로 세분되었다. 물푸레나무군락은 군단위에서 소나무군과 가래나무군으로 나누어지며, 소나무군은 다시 회나무소군과 머루소군으로 분류되었고, 까치박달군락은 시닥나무군과 사스래나무군으로 각각 세분되어, 총 5개의 식생단위로 분류되었다. 식생단위별 중요치를 분석한 결과 소나무림에서 소나무와 신갈나무의 중요치가 20%이상으로 높게 나타났으나 소나무가 신갈나무보다 상대피도가 50%이상으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 종간연관 분석결과 크게 4개의 유형으로 구분되었고, 이는 식생단위의 식별종 및 표징종과 일치하는 경향이었다. 또한 소나무림의 흉고직경급별 개체 분포에서 중간직경급에서 개체수가 가장 많은 정규분포를 나타낸 소나무와 이를 제외한 다른 수종은 직경이 커질수록 개체수가 감소하는 역 J자형의 분포유형을 나타내어 소나무림에서 신갈나무림으로 교체될 가능성이 크다 판단된다. 반면 신갈나무림에서는 신갈나무를 포함한 다른 수종 모두 역 J자형의 분포유형을 나타내어 신갈나무림은 당분간 안정된 상태로 지속될 것으로 판단되었다.

산부인과 의사의 일부 서비스 진료업무량 측정방법 비교에 관한 연구 (Comparison of work measures for some physician services in Obstetrics & Gynecology)

  • 허영주;손명세;박은철;강형곤;김한중
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.623-639
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    • 1995
  • We have never seen any method to cope basically with complicated situation and problems around medical reimbursement rates here in Korea since 1977 witnessed by the beginning of medical insurance. By the way researchers concerned are beginning to propose some kinds of innovative and detailed ideas to government these days. They are Diagnosis-related group(DRG) and Resource-based .elative value scale(RBRVS). In the light of this situation it is so encouraging that our government can come up with that and move. In case of RBRVS research we have already been reaching even to the level of reviewing and revising methodology for its further development after naive pilot study on internal medicine and general surgery last year. However there might be something different conditions between USA and Korea to apply the same Dr. Hsiao's method and it must be vital to check so called' total work approach' compared with 'intra-service work approach' before expanding to the whole medical fields. According to the' Intra-service approach', the physician's work is supposed to be divided into three sub-works by the name of intraservice work, pre, and post service work. These sub-works, again should be merged together to be the pre-postwork subset through some statistical methods of the estimation process applied by Dr. Hsiao's methodology in RBRVS development later on. But in this paper that estimation process was not taken because we could have real values for all of those surveyed items related to just one specialty, OB & GY. Instead, We used some statistical comparison procedures relevant to demographic characteristics, reliability & validity and correlation analysis with American RVU(Relative value unit) between the total work and merged total work from intraservice work approach. The unit of analysis was individual physicians of OB & GY and 300 physicians were selected for each approach through statistical sampling method based on national population of OB & GY physicians in Korea. And also with the thankful help of Advisory Committee under Korean Association of OB & GY, questionnaires were made and mailed to the subjects, two times. As a result there were not any statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics between the two approaches except for the variable 'Response time for the questionnaires', but in other sections of comparisons, response rate, representative values, reliability & validity test, correlation analysis with American RVU, all showed 'Total approach' was not only more rational and statistically meaningful than 'Intra-service approach' but also had considerable merits. But we are not absolutely sure about this paper's robustness. Because of some limitations, we'd rather like to suggest further researches should be followed. In that sense the first thing would be a research for the influence of doctor's characteristics, especially 'frequency' on the rating of work and the way to define total work more clearly.

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토픽모델링을 활용한 조세순응 연구 동향 분석 (Analysis of Research Trends in Tax Compliance using Topic Modeling)

  • 강민조;백평구
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.99-115
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    • 2022
  • 본 연구의 목적은 사회과학 전반에 걸쳐서 수행되고 있는 조세 분야의 대표적인 연구주제로서 조세순응, 납세의식, 성실납세(이하 "조세순응")에 관한 연구의 흐름을 정리함으로써 융합학문으로서 세무학의 지평을 확장하는 것이다. 이에 조세순응에 관한 국내 학술지 논문을 학제적 관점에서 종합적으로 분석하기 위하여 텍스트마이닝의 일환으로 토픽모델링 기법을 적용하였다. 데이터 수집-키워드 전처리-토픽모델 분석의 흐름으로 총 347편의 논문에 연구자가 등록한 조세순응 관련 키워드들로부터 잠재적인 연구주제를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과로 첫째, 키워드 분석에서는 세무조사, 조세회피, 성실신고확인제도 등의 키워드가 단순 빈도 기준으로 상위 5개 키워드에 포함되었고, 키워드의 상대적 중요도를 감안한 TF-IDF 값에서도 상위 5개 키워드에 포함되었다. 한편 탈세라는 키워드는 단순빈도에서 부각되지 않은 것에 비해 TF-IDF 값 기준으로 상위 키워드에 포함되었다. 둘째, 토픽모델링을 통해 잠재적인 8개의 연구주제를 도출하였다. 해당 주제는 (1) 조세공정성과 조세범칙행위의 억제, (2) 조세법의 이념과 조세정책의 타당성, (3) 실질과세원칙과 조세채권의 담보 (4) 납세협력비용과 세무행정 서비스, (5) 신고납세제도와 세무전문가, (6) 조세풍토와 전략적 조세행동, (7) 조세행동의 다면성과 차별적 순응의도, (8) 과세정보시스템과 효율적 세원관리와 같다. 본 연구는 학문 간의 경계를 넘어 조세순응이라는 주제어를 바라보는 다양한 관점을 포괄적으로 조망함으로써 학제간 소통의 기회를 마련하고 합리적인 조세제도를 구축하는데 실천적 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다.

폭소노미 사이트를 위한 랭킹 프레임워크 설계: 시맨틱 그래프기반 접근 (A Folksonomy Ranking Framework: A Semantic Graph-based Approach)

  • 박현정;노상규
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.89-116
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    • 2011
  • In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.