• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2010

Ethanol and water extracts of white and fermented ginseng were prepared and their ginsenoside composition and antioxidant effects were assessed. The main ginsenosides in white ginseng were $Rb_1$ > Re > $Rg_1$, and those in fermented ginseng were $Rb_2+Rb_3$ > Rd > $Rg_1$. Ginsenosides Rd and $Rg_3$ in fermented ginseng were enriched 11 and 58 times, respectively, over that in white ginseng through fermentation with five Bacillus spp. The greatest levels of 2-deoxyribose and superoxide anion dismutase-like activities were found in 50% ethanol extracts of fermented ginseng. Thus, these data suggest that white ginseng has the greatest free radical scavenging activity and that fermented ginseng has the highest antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

This paper aims to apply two ways of student evaluation, i.e. peer- and self-evaluation to TBL(team based learning) class and to explore the difference between two evaluations by gender and grade as well as their relationships, and finally to provide an explanation for the improvement of evaluation ways in TBL class. There has been much research about TBL and its related factors. However, according to the examination of both domestic and overseas researches concerning the application of peer- and self-evaluation to TBL class, few studies have focused on them in terms of the engineering curriculum. This study was conducted with 251 engineering students at P University, and peer- and self-evaluation in TBL class have been measured. Our findings show that firstly, there were significant grade differences in self-evaluation of engineering students. Second, there were no significant gender and grade differences in peer-evaluation. Third, we found a significant correlation between the two factors, self- and peer-evaluation. Also there was a significant correlation among variables of subcategories. Based on these findings, it is expected to provide an explanation for the application of peer- and self-evaluation in TBL class and will be useful for the improvement plans of the related courses in engineering school.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 2007

Two medicinal plant of Sundarbans mangrove forest has been tested for the evaluation of growth inhibitory and antibacterial activity. The methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum stem bark showed potent wheat rootlet ($IC_{50}=0.01{\mu}g/ml$) and shoot ($IC_{50}=0.23{\mu}g/ml$) growth inhibitory activity in a concentration related manner. The growth inhibitory activity was markedly decreased in residual methanol extract. The methanol extract showed antibacterial activity (MIC > 3 mg/ml) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureous and Proteus vulgaris. The residual methanol extract did not show any antibacterial activity. The results suggest the bioactive principle(s) of Xylocarpus granatum may be relatively non polar compound(s). The methanol extract and residual methanol extract of Sarcolobus globosus stem showed poor wheat rootlet and shoot growth inhibitory activity and no antibacterial activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 1999

3-Arylisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones (2) are possible bioisosteres of the $5-[4^{l}-(piperidinomethyl)phenyl]-2<$,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-$\alpha$]isoquinoline (1) which is in clinical evaluation for the treatment of cancer. Structure-activity relationship studies of 3-arylisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones. (2) led to the synthesis of 3-arylquinolin-2(1H)-ones (3). A number of 3-phenyl substituted quinolin-2(1H)-ones were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antitumor activity against four different human tumor cell lines and 3-phenyl-N-benzyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (12) showed the most potent activity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.101-104
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• 2016

Background: To protect the public from natural radioactive materials, the 'Act on safety control of radioactive rays around living environment" was established in Korea. There is an annual effective dose limit of 1 mSv for products, but the activity concentration limit for products is not established yet. Materials and Methods: To suggest the activity concentration limits for consumer goods containing NORM, in this research, we assumed the "small room model" surrounding the ICRP reference phantom to simulate the consumer goods in contact with the human bodies. Using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX, we evaluate the effective dose rate for the ICRP reference phantom in a small room with dimension of phantom size and derived the activity concentration limit for consumer goods. Results and Discussion: The consumer goods have about 1600, 1200 and $19000Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for $^{226}Ra$, $^{232}Th$ and $^{40}K$, and the activity concentration limits are about six times comparing with the values of building materials. We applied the index to real samples, though we did not consider radioactivity of $^{40}K$, indexes of the some samples are more than 6. However, this index concept using small room model is very conservative, for the consumer goods over than index 6, it is necessary to reevaluate the absorbed dose considering real usage scenario and material characteristics. Conclusion: In this research, we derived activity concentration limits for consumer goods in contact with bodies and the results can be used as preliminary screening tool for consumer goods as index concept.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.1 s.136
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• pp.92-97
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• 2004

Effect of AGI $({\alpha}-Glucosidase\;Inhibitor)-1120$, pine (Pinus densiflora) bark extract and Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) - and Chaga mushroom mycelium extracts on cellular $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in malignant human keratinocytes (SCC-13) were evaluated to elucidate the possible correlation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ with antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of these natural products were examined in three different evaluation methods, i.e., lipid peroxidation value (POV) evaluation test, and 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging test. In a cell-based $NF-{\kappa}B$ monitoring assay systern, all samples revealed the downregulatory profiles on the cellular $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity. AGI -1120 (1, 2 mg) and Chaga mushroom extract (0.05, 0.1 mg) downregulated the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity in a dose-dependent manner. Chaga mushroom mycelium extract (5 mg) significantly inhibited the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity (p<0.05). Although AGI-1120 and Chaga mushroom mycelium extract exhibited no antioxidant activities evaluated in pay, Chaga mushroom extract showed antioxidant in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $0.05{\sim}1$ mg. While AGI-1120 and Chaga mushroom extract possessed a relatively potential DPPH radical scavenging activity, the NO scavenging activity of Chaga mushroom extract $(SC_{50}:47\;{mu}g)$ was higher than the known antioxidant, vitamin C $(SC_{50}:77\;{mu}g)$. These results suggest that AGI-1120 and Chaga mushroom- and Chaga mushroom mycelium extracts may serve as an useful radical scavenging antioxidant agents with $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitory effect in human skin.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

In this study, the Comet assay (evaluation of DNA damage) used the fish hepatocellular carinoma cell, PLHC-1, was tried to the sediment extract obtained from freshwater to understand its applicability as a tool for monitoring sediment toxicity. In parallel, induced EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin- O-deethylase) activity and DNA damage (TEM values) in PLHC-1 cells were measured for establishing the tandem endpoints of the PLHC-1cell test to test the ecotoxicity of sediment. Among several study sites in a small river passed through downtown and industrial park area, one of them, site B, showed a higher level of EROD activity and DNA damage than other sites. It indicates that a tandem endpoints of PLHC-1 cells could be useful tools for assessing the toxicity of sediment. The sensitivity of Comet assay with PLHC-1 cells was a little higher than that with a blood cell of frog tadpoles to the solvent extract of sediment. According to the results, a PLHC-1 cell-Comet assay could be used as a useful tool for evaluating ecotoxicity of the freshwater sediment. In addition, more detailed studies are needed to the contaminated site.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.27-47
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• 2008

In this paper, we study the effect of writing activity as mathematical communication on the students's mathematics achievement, learning attitude, and mathematical tendency. For this purpose, we construct a experimental class and then analyze the students' change in those aspects after applying three-divided-note writing activity and colleague feedback on their works those students are in the experimental class. As a result of the experiment, we find that three-divided-note writing activity and colleague feedback made some significant changes on the students achievement in mathematics, learning attitude, but does not affect on mathematical tendency. We also offer some suggestions for further research. Firstly, the mathematical communication ability must be stressed in mathematics education. For this purpose, we need to develop the teaching and the evaluation method to use not only writing but also reading, speaking, and listening skills so that many teachers can apply this method easily to their classes. Second, we need to fix some realistic problems such as fair evaluation , the numbers of students per class, the numbers of lesson, and too much extra-work, and so on. Thirdly, we suggest to explore some methods for extending three- divided-note writing activity to evaluate mathematical essay and to study educational effects of colleague feedback on mathematics performance assessment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

This study evaluated the influence of cooking methods (blanching, pan-frying, and microwaving) on the antioxidant activity of Ligularia fischeri (LF) using myoglobin methods against five different reactive oxygen species (ROS) (i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hypochlorite ions, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite ions). With respect to DPPH scavenging activity, the antioxidant activities of blanched LF and pan-fried LF were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fresh LF for all cooking times. Pan-fried LF and microwaved LF showed higher antioxidant activities against hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals than uncooked LF, while the protective effect of blanched LF was low, except for the at the 3 min cooking time point. Microwaved LF showed high antioxidant activity against all ROS at the 2 min cooking time point. Interestingly, LF that had been microwaved for 2 min and 3 min had high antioxidant values, whereas blanched LF and pan-fried LF had low antioxidant values. The activities of cooked LF against five different ROS were characterized comprehensively by 5-axe cobweb charts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of mental practice on function and muscle activation of upper extremity (UE) in stroke patients. METHODS: The mental practice was conducted on 12 subjects for 10 minutes and the related existing work treatment for 20 minutes. The evaluation for the function of UE proceeded with Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function (FMA) and muscle activity analysis instrument. Furthermore we analyzed patients' reaching activity by two stages, reaching phase and returning to original position phase. RESULTS: According to the research results, the subjects' upper limb function improved in all of the measured items and the total scores after the mental practice (p<.05). In muscle activity, CCR value was used to efficiently analyze the patients' reaching activity in the two stages of reaching stage and returning to the original position phase. While the elbow movement only had a bit of positive change (1.1%) in the reaching stage, both the shoulder (-12.3%) and elbow (-18.2%) movements had a positive change in the returning to original position phase. CONCLUSION: This research confirmed that the mental practice is effective for the enhancement of UE function for stroke patients. The result of this research can contribute to the progress of mental practice in clinical environment.