• 무역상무연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.179-220
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• 2008

The notion of the 'court' is most unique to ICC arbitration. This paper focuses on what the court is and how it works and what the role and the duties of the Court under the ICC arbitration imply for the KCAB International Arbitration Rules. The Court is an administrative body that administers arbitrations taking place under the ICC Rules of Arbitration. The Court consists of 126 members from 88 countries around the world. Court members participate in decision-making process by way of attending the committee sessions and plenary sessions. At the Court's committee sessions, the Court fixes advance on costs; reviews the prima facie existence of arbitration agreements; fixes the place and language of arbitration, and the number of arbitrator(s); confirms and approves arbitrators; scrutinizes draft awards, determines the costs of arbitration; decides on extensions related to Terms of Reference, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. At the Court's plenary sessions, the Court performs only two responsibilities: the challenge or replacement of arbitrators or the scrutiny of draft awards. The Court is required to scrutinize draft awards involving states or state entities, drafts with huge amounts in dispute or complex technical or legal questions, and as well as draft awards to which a dissenting opinion has been attached. Turning to the KCAB International Arbitration Rules, Article 1(3) provides that the KCAB shall establish an International Arbitration Committee. Further, it is provided that the KCAB shall consult with the said Committee with respect to challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators pursuant to Article 1(3). The notion and role of the International Arbitration Committee was originally adapted from the Court to ICC arbitration, but its role was quite reduced in the process of enactment of its Rules. Accordingly, I examined the detailed roles of the Court to ICC arbitration in this paper and hereby suggest that the KCAB International Arbitration Rules shall be amended in the following ways: The Secretariat of the KCAB shall: fix advance on costs at the first stage and the costs of arbitration at the final stage of the proceedings; determine the number of arbitrators; review the prima facie of existence of arbitration agreement; confirm arbitrators; decide extensions related to time table, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. I, also, suggest that the arbitral tribunals shall fix the place of arbitration and the language of arbitration and make a final decision on the validity of arbitration agreement. With regard to the International Arbitration Committee, it is desirable for its Rules to empower the Committee to recommend any prospective arbitrator and to review and decide challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1147-1156
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 비 재생무료교체-수리보증이 종료된 이후의 수리가 가능한 시스템에 대한 교체정책을 제안한다. 이를 위해서, 비 재생무료교체-수리보증을 정의하고, 사용자 측면에서 비 재생무료교체-수리보증이 종료된 이후의 보전모형이 고려된다. 최적의 보전정책을 결정하기 위한 기준으로는 사용자 측면의 단위시간당 기대비용이 고려되고, 보증 기간이 종료된 이후에 발생되는 시스템의 유지비용은 사용자가 모두 지불하게 된다. 즉, 시스템의 운영기간 동안 사용자가 지불하여야 할 비용들이 주어져 있을 때, 비 재생무료교체-수리보증이 종료된 이후의 최적의 보전주기를 결정한다. 마지막으로 본 논문에서 제안된 보존정책을 설명하기 위해서 수치적 예를 살펴본다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.643-654
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the purchasing behavior and selection attributes for Home Meal Replacement (HMR) and to identify the selection attributes affecting purchasing frequency and purchasing costs of married women living in a city. Among 837 questionnaires distributed to HMR married women consumers, 752 complete questionnaires (89.8%) were analyzed. The younger married women group showed higher frequency of purchasing HMR than the older age group. The 20s and 30s age groups showed higher purchasing costs for HMR than the 40s and older age groups. A higher proportion of employed married women purchased HMR three or more times per week and spent an average of more than 20,000 won per purchase in comparison with unemployed married women. HMR selection attributes were classified into five factors: 'taste and sanitation', 'economic efficiency', 'health and nutrition', 'convenience', and 'reliability and awareness'; mean scores of these factors' importance levels were 4.28, 3.93, 3.59, 3.54, and 3.50 out of 5 points, respectively. The importance level of 'taste and sanitation' factor was significantly greater as married women's age decreased. However, the importance level of 'health and nutrition' factor was significantly greater as married women's age increased. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicate that the 'taste and sanitation' and 'health and nutrition' factors affected frequency of purchasing HMR. The 'reliability and awareness' factor had the most significant impact on cost per purchasing HMR. Therefore, a product differentiation strategy according to married women's age and employment status should be applied. Product qualities and brand value should be improved to enhance competition in the HMR market.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

조명시스템의 경제성에 크게 영향을 주는 요소들을 보면 초기 설비비, 보수비, 전기요금 등이 있다. 이 중에서 보수비는 램프 교환비, 램프교환 인건비, 청소비로 구성되어 있으므로 부소계획에 따라서 조명시스템의 경제성이 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 설계초기에 어떠한 조명시스템이 경제적으로 유리한가를 예측하는 것은 중요하다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 평균조도를 계산하는데 사용되는 ZCM에서의 보수율 구성 요소들을 변화시켜 보수율을 산정한 다음 조명시스템의 경제성을 평가하여 보수율의 중요성을 보였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

온실가스 배출량이 세계 6위인 우리나라는 건물의 운영과 유지 및 관리에 소비되는 에너지로 인한 온실가스 배출량을 줄이고자 공공건축물을 대상으로 신재생에너지 시스템을 통하여 에너지를 생산하도록 하는 공공의무화 제도(RPS)를 시행하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선행되었던 기존 연구의 동향을 분석하여 에너지원별로 적정 조합 및 적용 비율을 도출하였고, 동적 에너지 프로그램을 이용하여 에너지소비량을 시뮬레이션 하였으며, 산출된 결과를 토대로 초기투자비, 에너지비, 보수교체비, 유지관리비를 산출하였다. 분석결과 지열 100% 조합이 총 비용 2,105,974,344원으로 총 생애주기 비용이 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2020

본 연구는 기업의 자산 노후화가 원가의 비대칭성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 원가의 비대칭성이란 매출액이 증가할 때 원가의 증가율보다 매출액이 하락할 때 원가의 감소율이 더 낮은 것을 가리킨다. 선행연구에서는 경영자의 설비용량 조정이나 유형자산의 비중이 높을수록 원가의 비대칭성이 보다 강하게 나타난다는 결과를 제시하였으나 주로 경영자의 재량적 의사결정에 산물로써 진행되었다. 그러나 원가의 비대칭성은 설비자산의 규모와 비중, 자산의 노후화율 등과 같은 구조적인 문제에 기인한 현상이 존재할 것으로 예상되어 가설을 검증하였다. 실증분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자산의 노후화가 높을수록 총원가, 판매비와관리비의 하방탄력성이 나타났다. 둘째, 유형자산의 비중이 높은 경우 설비자산의 노후화가 높을수록 매출원가의 하방경직성이 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 선행연구가 주로 경영자의 의사결정, 설비용량의 조정, 무형자산의 비중에 관해 다루었다면 본 연구는 설비자산의 노후화와 설비자산의 집중도를 고려하여 분석함으로써 선행연구를 확장하였다.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2009

Conventional HP(high pressure) sodium or Metal-halide lamps have a life span of around one year requiring at least annual replacement and maintenance. High Power LED lights require no regular maintenance further increasing savings on replacement bulbs, access equipment and labour costs. New installations benefit from a substantial reduction in the cost of expensive heavy duty cable required for sodium lighting. Especially, LED light can achieve variable color temperature, high functional performance in the field of street light. There are two main method to achieve variable color temperature function of the street light. one method is using RGB multi-chip LED, the other is using Orange-White LED method. In this paper, it was compare RGB Multi-chip LED with white-orange LED for there characteristics performance.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.651-662
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• 1996

This paper concerns with preventive replacement under periodic inspections for an item (system) which is in a state of preparedness. The item is subject to wear. The item fails randomly but the failure rate depends on the accumulated wear. The item is preventively replaced if it survives a certain wear limit at periodic inspections. The foiled item is, however, replaced at periodic inspections. Given the costs for replacements and inspections, and the penalty cost of the time elapsed between failure und its detection, the optimal wear limit according to the long-run expected cost per unit time criterion is derived. It has been proved that the optimal wear limit is unique if an item has increasing weer-dependent failure rate. A numerical example for a stationary gamma wear process with Weibull distributed failure is given to show its applicability.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.554-557
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• 2021

Surgeons are increasingly using the right mini-thoracotomy approach to perform aortic valve surgery. This approach has shown better results in terms of blood loss and length of hospital stay than the sternotomy approach. For selected patients requiring aortic root and ascending aorta surgery, a right mini-thoracotomy approach may prove beneficial. In our technique, we placed a 5-cm horizontal skin incision in the right second intercostal space. Femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass was established. A valved aortic conduit was used for aortic root replacement. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, with a short hospital stay. This technique offers a minimally invasive approach to aortic root and ascending aorta surgery with easy adaptability and reduced costs.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.157-172
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• 2014

Contemporary embedded systems often use NAND flash memory instead of hard disks as their swap space of virtual memory. Since the read/write characteristics of NAND flash memory are very different from those of hard disks, an efficient page replacement algorithm is needed for this environment. Our analysis shows that temporal locality is dominant in virtual memory references but that is not the case for write references, when the read and write references are monitored separately. Based on this observation, we present a new page replacement algorithm that uses different strategies for read and write operations in predicting the re-reference likelihood of pages. For read operations, only temporal locality is used; but for write operations, both write frequency and temporal locality are used. The algorithm logically partitions the memory space into read and write areas to keep track of their reference patterns precisely, and then dynamically adjusts their size based on their reference patterns and I/O costs. Without requiring any external parameter to tune, the proposed algorithm outperforms CLOCK, CAR, and CFLRU by 20%-66%. It also supports optimized implementations for virtual memory systems.