• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.67-75
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• 2024

Frequently changeable functional requirements in System Management CSCI Software make it difficult to reuse an overall application, but only the partial class codes repeatedly as a new version of Naval Combat Management System is developed. This structural environment leads to increasing development time and expenses. This is why modularization for System Management CSCI Software is proposed as a solution, leveraging the advantages of proper standardization and functional expandability offered by Standard Interface Architecture. This paper outlines the comparisons of modified class ratios as well as software reliability test runtime results between before and after implementing the modularization for System Management CSCI Software. The findings demonstrate there is sufficient improvement in areas, such as higher maintenance and reusability, supporting the application of modularization for System Management CSCI Software with the implementation of Standard Interface Architecture.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.232-243
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing the meaning of life for middle-aged women. The subjects for the study were 190 middle-aged women who live in Busan. Data were collected from May 25 to June 20, 1999. The instruments for this study were as follows : the meaning of life scale developed by Jung D. R(1978) ; the self-esteem scale developed by Ro, E. Y, Kwon, J. H.(1997) ; the volunteer activity scale developed by Park G. J.(1999), the marital satisfaction scale developed by Choi G. Y.(1999) ; and the health status scale developed by Kim S. Y. (1991). SPSS PC+ was utilized for data analysis. Data were analysed according to frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Sheffe' s test and Pearson' s correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. The reliability of the tools was tested by Cronbach's $\alpha$ : and it showed reliability scores of 0.88(for the meaning of life tool), 0.81(for the self-esteem tool), 0.94(for the marital satisfaction tool) and 0.78(for the health status tool). The results were as follows: 1) The scores showed that middle-aged women had a moderate level of meaning of life, with a mean of 30.31 and standard deviation of 6.24 (with values ranging from 12.00 to 48.00). The scores showed that middle-aged women had a moderate levels of self-esteem, with a mean of 28.92 and standard deviation of 4.67 (with values ranging from 10.00 to 40.00). The scores showed that middle-aged women had a very low level of volunteer activity, with a mean of 0.87 and standard deviation of 0.93(with values ranging from 0.00 to 1.00). The scores showed that middle-aged women had a moderate level of satisfaction in their marriages, with a mean of 31.99 and standard deviation of 7.84(with values ranging from 12.00 to 48.00). The scores showed that middle-aged women had a moderate level of health status, with a mean of 6.63 and standard deviation of 1.57(with values ranging from 3.00 to 9.00). 2) There was a statistically significant difference of the meaning of life of middle-aged women according to their religion(F=8.930, p=.000), christian ($31.94{\pm}5.96$) had more meaning th life than buddhists ($28.40{\pm}6.23$). 3) There was a statistically significant correlations between the subject' s self-esteem and the her meaning of life(r=0.477, p=0.000), the subject' s level of volunteer activity and meaning of life(r=.428, p=.000), her level of marital satisfaction and meaning of life(r=.417, p=.000), and her level of health status and meaning of life(r=.261, p=.000) among these middle-aged women. 4) Self- esteem was the highest factor influencing the level of meaning of life in middle-aged women. 40.0% of the total variance of levels of meaning of life by was dependent on self-esteem, volunteer activity, marital satisfaction and health status. In conclusion, the higher the self-esteem and levels of volunteer activity, marital satisfaction, and health status of middle-aged women, the higher the meaning of life for them. Therefore, it is necessary to elevate levels of the self-esteem and volunteer activity, marital satisfaction and health status in order to help middle-aged women have more meaning of life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-44
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• 1993

An explorative and descriptive study in order to determine the effect of family structure and other socio-demographic variables on health behavior, belief, locus, and value and utilization of public health service was carried out. Data were collected from 1,653 subjects randomly sampled in three areas, Seoul, Kyunggi province, and Cheju province. From Seoul 849 subjects were selected, 397 subjects Kyunggi, and 407 subjects from Cheju, respectively. Self-reporting questionaires were administered during the period from March to June, 1992. The major findings were as follows: 1) The subjects visited herb-doctor's at irregular intervals mainly to have tonic medicine prepared. They preferred herb-doctor's rather than with doctors at clinics and hospitals. Statistically significant difference was found among the regions studied (p<0.05). 2) The reason for visiting hospitals was primarily for treatment of diseases. They preferred hospital because they felt that the hospitals offer much highly reliable treatment services as well as medical accessibility. For the purpose of hospital utilization, statistically significant differences existed among sex, educational level, family type and region. However, no significance was found among sex, educational level, and region (p<0.05). 3) The subjects utilized general hospitals mainly for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. They preferred general hospitals because of their much better facilities and reliability. Statistical significance was found among sex, educational level, and region (p<0.05). 4) The subjects visited dentist at irregular intervals basis. They visited once half a year or three to four months. their purpose of visit was mainly for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Statistical significance differences were found among educational level, region and economic standard (p<0.05). 5) Whenever their illnesses were mild and the pharmacies was located in nearby they visited to pharmacies. They visited once a month and patient medicines. Statistically significant differences were found among sex, educational level and region (p<0.05). 6) The subjects believed that herb medicine was quite efficacious for treatment of some diseases, particularly by information handed down through time-honored tradition and experience. However, they recognized that the efficacy of folk medicine can vary with type and severity of diseases. Statistical significance was among sex, educational level, region and economic standard (p<0.05). 7) The reason why subjects believed that pray and superstition are effective for treatment of certain type of diseases, particularly in neuropathy, was the belief in God's almighty. Statistically significant differences were found among sex, educational level, regions and economic standard (p<0.05). 8) Most of subjects under same condition preferred western medicine because they believed that it is more scientific and prompts in showing therapeutic effect. Statistical significance was not found in the choice of type of public health service among, regions. But significant differences were found among sex, educational level and region (p<0.05). 9) The subjects looked for pharmacy if they thought the symptom was mild. However, they visited hospitals for chronic disease and general hospitals for emergency treatment. Statistical significances were found among educational level, region and economic standard (p<0.05). 10) Although most of students wanted to have a healthy life as for the component of health standard and value, they think that they are not healthy (p<0.05). As for the health behavior, significant difference was found in the proportion of smoking and drinking between educational level and region (p<0.05). The health locus was affected by educational level, and health behavior was influenced by region, sex and educational level. The utilization of type of public health service was influenced by family type and region, and health belief by region and educational level, and the health values by region and economic standard respectively, most of correlation showed statistical significance. Among them, the highest correlation was seen between locus of control and external/internal locus of control, which is quite obvious. The correlation between health belief and behavior was the next highest, but still low (0.343). All the other variables are low but significant except only a few of those. These findings indicate that health education should be incorporated into the curriculum so as to develop desirable health habit, and ability of self-control in accordance with their growth stages. A systematic and scientific understanding on the herb/folk medicine is needed, and greater reliability of the utilization of public health services are is still required. Health policy for equal distribution of health service throughout the country along the hierarchical health service system and complementary mutual assistance and cooperation among various health organizations are also required.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2401-2409
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• 2013

Reliability analysis with response surface method (RSM) was peformed for a offshore wind turbine (OWT) monopile, which is one of mostly used foundations under 25m seawater depth in the world. The behaviors of a real OWT monopile installed into sandy soils subjected to offshore environmental loads such as wind and wave were analysed using reliability design program (HSRBD) developed in KIOST. Sensitivity analysis of design variables for a OWT monopile with 6m diameter showed that the larger in pile diameter the smaller in probability of failure ($P_f$) of a horizontal deflection and a rotational angle at a pile top, but at a greater than 7m of pile diameter, the reduction rate of $P_f$ was almost constant. It is a necessary that appropriate local design criteria should be designated as soon as possible because there were significant differences on horizontal deflections; $P_f$ was 60% at a minimum criteria 15mm deflection, however, 1.5% $P_f$ when 60mm deflection using 1% of pile diameter from local design criterion standard. Finally, friction angle of sand among many design variables was found most influential design factor in OWT monopile design, and a sensitivity analysis is found an important process to understand which design variables can mostly reduce $P_f$ with a optimum design for maintaining OWT stability.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 1996

Provision of better nursing care to patients is a difficult but important task. The first problem for nursing quality improvement is development of evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care. This study tries to develop a patient care tool for patients with chronic renal failure. This study as a procedural evaluation of patient care, tries to show what, how, at what order to provide care to patients with chronic renal failure. This study is divided into process of development of tool, its reliability and validity. Among process of development of tool is focal group, small expert group and expert evaluation group. To develop approprieteness of tool, nurses working is four major hospitals is Seoul were selected. To evaluate the credibility of subjects, 19 patient who were hospitalized and discharged within 3 months were selected. The period for collecting data for reliability and valiability evaluation was between Sept. 20 to Oct. 18, 1995. The development process of this study is as follows ; 1. Make preliminary list of the tool by focal group consisting of 8 clinical nurses. 2. Modify and add preliminary list by 4 expert nursing panel. 3. Calculate content validity of the tool by 23 nursing expert panel of judge. 4. Verity relability and validity of the tool. 5. Finalize an evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in chronic renal failure patient. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. Development of evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in chronic renal failure. 1) The evaluation of this study was developed 5 standards, 28 criteria. and 130 indicators 2) Nursing care evaluation scores for chronic renal failure patients were average 68.8. 2. Verity reliability and validity of the tool. 1) 5 standards were divided into 4 point scale and according to 28 creteria, indicators of standard were 3.72 and of criteria were 3.77 2) Inter - rater reliability (consentaneity score) of the tool by pearson correlation coefficient betwwen rates were r= .72, r= .75 and interreliabilities by single - facet crossed design were r= .96. 3) The alpha coeffecient relating to internal consistency was .7259 over 27 items of 28 criterias of developed tool. Through this study, I'm sure that the developed tool for the quality of patient care in chronic-renal failure patient will show the way of more improvement of the quality of nursing care and effective nursing intervention.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.557-564
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• 2009

For scoring polygraph charts, the Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea uses a consistency criterion in which an elevated signal on one physiological channel is scored as a deceptive response only if the signal is also elevated on other channels. In the current study, the effects of this scoring criterion on reliability and accuracy (validity) of polygraph scores were assessed. Polygraph tests on 26 suspects were evaluated twice by the same examiners. The examiners used the consistency criterion in the first evaluation. In the second evaluation, the examiners were prevented from using the criterion; the signals from each physiological channel were separated and randomly arranged before they were rescored by the same examiner. Reliability was assessed by the variation among the scores for each suspect. Accuracy was assessed by establishing a standard, based on a Latent Class Analysis model, using the results of polygraph tests on each of 182 additional suspects. Reliability and accuracy were both improved by the use of the consistency criterion which therefore was recommended.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.3 s.63
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

The purpose of this work is to analyze quantitatively if the safety instrumented system(SIS) like the pressure safety valves(PSV) in the processes of ethyl benzene plant have been designed relevantly to the safety integrity level because overpressure in the benzene or ethyl benzene columns causes the explosive reactions, fires and reactor explosions. The safety integrity level(SIL) 3 has been adopted as a target level of SIS based on the general data of the Probability of Failure on Demand of PSV, $1.00E-4{\sim}1.00E-3$. The standard model of the reliability has been set up and then the fault tree analysis of it has been carried out to get the PFD of SIS, and the results show 8.97E-04, 5.37E-04, 5.37E-04 for benzene prefractionator column, benzene column and EB column, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the SIS is designed to fulfill the condition of SIL3, and when the partial stroke test for the control valve are carried out every sixth month, the SIS of each column is expected to increase its reliability up to $22{\sim}27%$.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.59-66
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• 2014

Nowadays, some studies are performed in order to introduce the Limit State Design method widely used in foreign work sites. LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) method is widely used in the fields in which the data accumulation is possible - such as deep foundations, and shallow foundations, etc. The limit state design in the retaining walls is insufficient in the country owing to difficulties applying load tests. The limit state design method for retaining wall structures are studied based upon the National Retaining wall Design Standard legislated in 2008 by Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs. In this paper several retaining walls were calculated according to LRFD design criteria analysis using the general program with limit state design method and the factor of safety for sliding and overturning. Comparing with their results, the Taylor's series simple reliability analysis was performed. In the analysis results of retaining wall section, safety factors calculated by LRFD were found to be lowered than those calculated in current WSD, and it is possibly judged to be economic design by changing wall dimensions. In the future, pre-assessment of the geotechnical data for ensuring the reliability and the studies including reinforced retaining walls with ground anchor are needed.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

The drop impact reliability comes to be important for evaluation of the life time of mobile electronic products such as cellular phone. The drop impact reliability of solder joint is generally affected by the kinds of pad and reflow number, therefore, the reliability evaluation is needed. Drop impact test proposed by JEDEC has been used as a standard method, however, which requires high cost and long time. The drop impact reliability can be indirectly evaluated by using high speed shear test of solder joints. Solder joints formed on 3 kinds of surface finishes OSP (Organic Solderability Preservation), ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) and ENEPIG (Electroless Nickel Electroless Palladium Immersion Gold) was investigated. The shear strength was analysed with the morphology change of intermetallic compound (IMC) layer according to reflow number. The layer thickness of IMC was increased with the increase of reflow number, which resulted in the decrease of the high speed shear strength and impact energy. The order of the high speed shear strength and impact energy was ENEPIG > ENIG > OSP after the 1st reflow, and ENEPIG > OSP > ENIG after 8th reflow.