• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.76-96
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• 1985

Postoperative pain is one of the most frequently occurred pain in hospitals, but it has been underestimated because it is only a part of postoperative physiological Process and may disappear in time. It is necessary that nurses me the relaxation technique, planning and implementing by themselves independently, to reduce this postoperative pain. This study is aimed at showing the effect of relaxation technique on reduction of postoperative pain, and exploring the factors influencing postoperative. pain Fifty-seven patients with abdominal surgery who admitted in attacked D Medical Center to K University in Daegu have been studied. Of them twenty-nine were experimental group and the remaining twenty-eight were control group. This study has been conducted for collecting data through interviews and observation from August 23 to October 24, 1984. The tools of this study were two kinds: Postoperative Pain Scale is obtained from a review of references by the researcher, and relaxation technique, designed to use postoperative setting adequately, is also obtained from a review of references by the researcher. After confiriming no significant differences between the two groups, the hypotheses were statistically verified by x²-test, t-test, and pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summerized as follows; ＊ The nam hypothesis that the experimental group who use relaxation technique will have less degree of postoperative pain than the control group who don't use relaxation technique is devided into three sub-hypotheses. 1. The first sub-hypothesis that the experimental group will have less score of postoperative pain than control group was accepted (t=7.810, p <.01). Even with controlling pain threshold, showing difference in some degree between the two groups, the experimental group has less score of postoperative pain than the control group. Therefore this confirms the acceptance of the first sub-hypothesis more strongly. 2. The second sub-hypothesis that the expermental group will have less frequency of analgesics than the control group is accepted (x²=9.85, p <.01). 3. The third sub-hypothesis that the experimental group will have less variation of pulse, respiration, and blood pressure between pre End post operative periods than the control group is rejected. So this hypothesis is reverified through comparing the variation of pulse, respiration, and blood pressure between pre and post changing Position to measure the pure effect of relaxation technique. pulse and respiration is significantly lowered in the experimental group (t=7.209, p<.01, t=3.473, p<.01), but systolic and diastolic blood pressure is not different significantly between the two groups (t= 1.309, p＞.05, t=1. 727 p>.05). Therefore the third sub-hypothesis is partially accepted. Conclusively, the researcher thinks that it is necessary that nurses should provide patients with relaxation technique to reduce postoperative pain, and to increase independence of nursing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.3
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• pp.69-78
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• 1996

This paper presetns an iterative relaxation method for stereo matching using matching probability and compatibility coefficients between disparities. Stereo matching can be considered as the labeling problem of assigning unique matches to feature points of image an relaxation labelin gis an iterative procedure which reduces local ambiguities and achieves global consistency. the relation between disparities is determined from highly reliable matches in initial matching and quantitatively expressed in temrs of compatibility coefficient. The matching results of neighbor pixels support center pixel through compatibility coefficients and update its matching probability. The proposed adaptive method reduces the degradtons on the discontinuities of disparity areas and obtains fast convergence.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.16 no.3 s.93
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Simulations of the thermally-induced residual stresses and birefringence in freely quenched plates of polycarbonate were performed by using the linear viscoelastic and photoviscoelastic constitutive equations for the mechanical and optical properties, respectively, and the first order rate equation for volume relaxation. The predictions for the birefringence showed good agreement with experimental measurements. However, for initial temperature close to the glass transition temperature, some differences existed around the surface layer. Based on the simulation, the influences of various cooling conditions on the residual stress and birefringence in plates were investigated. The residual stress and birefringence increased with increasing initial temperature, decreasing coolant temperature and increasing heat transfer coefficient of coolants.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-24
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• 1999

free volume in polymers is defined as the difference of the specific volume and the volume which is not available for the particular molecular motion which is responsible or the process that is considered . Relations between free volume and viscosity free volume and diffusion coefficient are pre-sented both in the case of simple low molecular weight liquids and in the case of polymers. Molecular models and free volume models are reminded starting from the equilibrium state equation of Simha and Somcynski. The non equilibrium situations of specific volume of glass polymers below Tg are shown introducing different relaxation volume equations which involve different material's parameters and con-cept of the fictitious temperature. The diffusivity equations of Vrentas and Duda are introduced both for the glassy and rubbery states. The possibility of introducing time relaxation functions is also suggested. The importance of finding experimental evidences of the free volume is stressed. highlights of the free volume measurement methods are given in particular as to dilatometry photocromy fluorescence electron spin resonance small angle X-ray scattering positron annihilation spectroscopy.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.738-742
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• 1998

A new polyamide was prepared from 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)di-aniline and 4-[NN-bis(2-carboxyethyl)] amino-4'-nitrostilbene. This polymer was cast into thin films by spin coating cyclohexanone solution. After being poled, the electro-optic coefficients of electrode poled polymer films were measured by the reflection measurement technique using an incident laser beam of 1.3 Jim. The film poled at the field strength of 1.2 V/μm exhibited the electro-optic coefficient (r33) of 5.9 pm/V. The relaxation behavior of the poled polymer film was compared with other reported polymers bearing the same NLO chromophores. Due to stiff and highly polar nature of the backbone and also due to formation of interchain hydrogen bonds, this polymer reveals a slower relaxation characteristics. The polymer is amorphous and soluble in various organic solvents.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.923-931
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• 2021

We studied the influence of GaAs top-layer thickness on the small-signal modulation response and 56 Gb/s four-level pulse-amplitude modulation eye quality of 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). We considered the proportionality of the gain-saturation coefficient to the photon lifetime. The simulation results that employed the transfer-matrix method and laser rate equations led to the conclusion that the proportionality should be considered for proper explanation of the experimental results. From the obtained optical eyes, we could determine an optimum thickness of the GaAs top layer that rendered the best eye quality of VCSEL. We also compared two results: one result with a fixed gain-saturation coefficient and the other that considered the proportionality. The former result with the constant gain-saturation coefficient demonstrated a better eye quality and a wider optimum range of the GaAs top-layer thickness because the resultant higher damping reduced the relaxation oscillation.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.519-529
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• 2017

The surrounding rocks of underground openings are natural materials and their mechanical behavior under seismic load is different from traditional man-made materials. This paper proposes a framework to comprehensively model the mechanical behavior of surrounding rocks. Firstly, the effects of seismic load on the surrounding rocks are summarized. Three mechanical effects and the mechanism, including the strengthening effect, the degradation effect, and the relaxation effect, are detailed, respectively. Then, the framework for modelling the mechanical behavior of surrounding rocks are outlined. The strain-dependent characteristics of rocks under seismic load is considered to model the strengthening effect. The damage concept under cyclic load is introduced to model the degradation effect. The quantitative relationship between the damage coefficient and the relaxation zone is established to model the relaxation effect. The major effects caused by seismic load, in this way, are all considered in the proposed framework. Afterwards, an independently developed 3D dynamic FEM analysis code is adopted to include the algorithms and models of the framework. Finally, the proposed framework is illustrated with its application to an underground opening subjected to earthquake impact. The calculation results and post-earthquake survey conclusions are seen to agree well, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Based on the numerical calculation results, post-earthquake reinforcement measures are suggested.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2018

In this paper, we study the viscoelastic Kirchhoff type equation with a nonlinear source for each independent kernels h and g with respect to Volterra terms. Under the smallness condition with respect to Kirchhoff coefficient and the relaxation function and other assumptions, we prove the uniform decay rate of the Kirchhoff type energy.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1994

A generalized network problem is a special class of linear programming problem whose coefficient matrix contains at most two nonzero elements per column. A generalized network problem with 0-1 flow restrictions is called an integer generalized network(IGN) problem. In this paper, we presented a branch and bound algorithm for the IGN that uses network relaxation. To improve the procedure, we develop various strategies, each of which employs different node selection criterion and/or branching variable selection criterion. We test these solution strategies and compare their efficiencies with LINDO on 70 randomly generated problems.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.27 no.5_6
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• pp.1319-1330
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• 2009

In [2] A.Hadjidimos proposed the generalized accelerated over-relaxation (GAOR) methods which generalize the basic iterative method for the solution of linear systems. In this paper we consider the convergence of the two parallel accelerated generalized AOR iterative methods and obtain some convergence theorems for the case when the coefficient matrix A is a block diagonally dominant matrix or a generalized block diagonally dominant matrix.