• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1991

A foundation excavation is necessarily included in construction works of structures. Involving the dangers of collapse, large-scaled excavation walls require periodic deformation measurements. As only relative displacements and acquired and surface measurements can not be made with the conventional measuring methods, the up-to-date method which can overcome these weaknesses is required urgently. Terrestrial photogrammetry is the method by which absolute deformation amounts of many points can be taken out at a distance from object in short time. The objective of this study is to suggest application propriety of terrestrial photogrammetry to the measurement of excavation walls. For it, we devised same position photography(S.P.P) and possibility of SPP proved through basic experiment. SPP was very speedy photographing method. We found out the fact that as the degree of overlap increase, accuracies of results increase. As a result of applying to excavation side-wall, we detected consistent displacement in 3 dimension each direction within the limits expectional accuracy. If control surveying could be carried out more quickly and accurately, the deformation displacement could be analyzed more effectively.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.43-74
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of perceptions of work and family life on employee job satisfaction and to form a policy approach that contributes to the enhancement of worker satisfaction. In particular, we wanted to analyze how the characteristics of each variable appeared in industry groups with different gender ratios of workers. A notable point of the study was that the respondents who answered that work and family had similar importance were satisfied with their working conditions. In addition, it was found that the higher an employee's evaluation of the work-family reconciliation policy, the higher the employee's satisfaction with their working conditions. As a result of a path analysis, it was found that the most male-dominant industry was manufacturing, and the most female-dominant industry was health and social welfare. In the case of respondents who were employed in the most-male dominant industry, the degree of an employee's understanding of the work-family reconciliation policy recognition, rather than the relative priorities of work and family life, had a greater effect on job satisfaction. On the other hand, respondents who were employed in the most-female dominant industry confirmed that their level of education was highly related to the degree of institutional recognition.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.140-144
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• 2015

Effects of the shape, the size and the material of head mass on performances of tonpilz transducer were studied with a finite element method. The shape of head mass was changed with an angle between symmetric axis and side of head mass of transducer from 0 to 60 degree. As a result of the simulations, the bandwidth leached to 86.4 % at 35.5 degree in case of Al head mass. The size of head mass showed a decrease in the power of transducer with little change of bandwidth. For the Ti head mass, the transmitted power showed 100 % increase with a bandwidth of 88.1 % even though the weight of the head mass increased to 167 % of Al. This can be attributed to the mechanical properties like elastic modulus of Ti relative to Al.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.139-144
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• 2008

Generally, real system that is the object of decision-making is very variable and sometimes it lies situations with uncertainty. To solve these problem, it has used statistical methods as significance level, certainty factor, sensitivity analysis and so on. In this paper, we propose a method for fuzzy decision-making based on MFAC(Multiple Fuzzy Alpha Cut) to improve the definiteness of classification results with similarity evaluation. In the proposed method, MFAC is used for extracting multiple a ${\alpha}$-level with proximity degree at proximity relation between relative Hamming distance and max-min method and for minimizing the number of data which are associated with the partition intervals extracted by MFAC. To determine final alternative of decision-making, we compute the weighted value between extracted data by MFAC From the experimental results, we can see the fact that the proposed method is simpler and more definite than classification performance of the conventional methods and determines an alternative efficiently for decision-maker by testing significance of sample data through statistical method.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.153-200
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• 1997

In languages such as Japanese, it is very common to observe that short peripheral vowel are completely voiceless when surrounded by voiceless consonants. This phenomenon has been known as Montreal French, Shanghai Chinese, Greek, and Korean. Traditionally this phenomenon has been described as a phonological rule that either categorically deletes the vowel or changes the [+voice] feature of the vowel to [-voice]. This analysis was supported by Sawashima (1971) and Hirose (1971)'s observation that there are two distinct EMG patterns for voiced and devoiced vowel in Japanese. Close examination of the phonetic evidence based on acoustic data, however, shows that these phonological characterizations are not tenable (Jun & Beckman 1993, 1994). In this paper, we examined the vowel devoicing phenomenon in Korean using data from ENG fiberscopic and acoustic recorders of 100 sentences produced by one Korean speaker. The results show that there is variability in the 'degree of devoicing' in both acoustic and EMG signals, and in the patterns of glottal closing and opening across different devoiced tokens. There seems to be no categorical difference between devoiced and voiced tokens, for either EMG activity events or glottal patterns. All of these observations support the notion that vowel devoicing in Korean can not be described as the result of the application of a phonological rule. Rather, devoicing seems to be a highly variable 'phonetic' process, a more or less subtle variation in the specification of such phonetic metrics as degree and timing of glottal opening, or of associated subglottal pressure or intra-oral airflow associated with concurrent tone and stricture specifications. Some of token-pair comparisons are amenable to an explanation in terms of gestural overlap and undershoot. However, the effect of gestural timing on vocal fold state seems to be a highly nonlinear function of the interaction among specifications for the relative timing of glottal adduction and abduction gestures, of the amplitudes of the overlapped gestures, of aerodynamic conditions created by concurrent oral tonal gestures, and so on. In summary, to understand devoicing, it will be necessary to examine its effect on phonetic representation of events in many parts of the vocal tracts, and at many stages of the speech chain between the motor intent and the acoustic signal that reaches the hearer's ear.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

Diphtheria was the world-spread, respiratory infectious disease in the past. But after developing the diphtheria toxoid, diphtheria vaccine, composed of diphtheria toxoid, is generalized, so prevalence of diphtheria is sharply dropped. But diphtheria is come back in NIS(New Independent States) in 1990s. It is believed that recurrence of diphtheria is mainly due to shortage of protective diphtheria antibody titer in adults. And it is related to 70% prevalence in adults, not in children. Considering this changing environment, this study was designed to research the diphtheria antibody titer of whole population and existence of titer difference by sex. Also it was studied whether ELISA has fitness as determination method of diphtheria antibody titer compared with neutralization method on microcell culture. This study was done to 277 samples of three hospitals in Seoul area, and sera was tested by neutralization method on microcell culture and ELISA method. The results of this study were as follows 1) Of this studied population, 31.05% had an antibody titer below the protective level (<0.01 IU/ml), 40.79% had a titer of a relative degree of protection (0.01-0.09 IU/ml) and 28.16% had a reliable degree of protection ($\geq$0.1 IU/ml). Therefore, 68.95% had a basic protective antibody titer level. 2) 20-40 age group showed the lowest diphtheria antibody titer among the studied population. 3) GMT of diphtheria antibody titer was the highest in the children. But, after child period, GMT was fallen. Standard deviation value was the lowest in older group. 4) Protective level of diphtheria antibody titer of male was slightly higher than female (70.94% vs 66.66%). But this difference was not statistically significant. 5) Diphtheria antibody titer by ELISA method was wholly higher than by neutralization method on microcell culture. Compared the two results by ELISA and neutralization, the regression coefficient was 0.38. And in titer, which was obtained by ELISA method, false-positive results was abundant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1113-1126
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• 2000

Humic substances present in landfill leachates were extracted and their characteristics were analyzed with respect to landfilling age as a basic study to evaluate the effect of humic substances on the transport and transformation of other pollutants in pollution plume contaminated by landfill leachate. Element analysis of the extracted humic substances were performed. The information on the functional groups of the humic substances molecules were obtained from the spectroscopic analysis using UV-visible, FT/IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structural characteristics of the humic substances were also analyzed by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. From the results of the analyses it was found that the structure of the humic substances present in landfill leachates was more aliphatic than aromatic relative to other common humic substances extracted from natural soils and water. The results indicate that the degree of humification of the humic substances were relatively low. The degree of humification, however, was increased as the landfilling age was increased.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2007

In the study, the cone index, the cohesion and the internal friction angle of soil were measured before and after tillage in order to suggest relative improvement in soil properties by comparing the two measured values before and after tillage. The tillage methods tested in the study were five combinations of plowing and rotovating; one plow tillage operation, one plow followed by one rotary, one plow followed by two rotary, one rotary without plow and two rotary without plow. The experiments were performed in a soil bin in Sunggyunkwan Univ. and in four selected test fields in Yeoju, Seodun-Dong, Suwon (especially, two different fields) and Chungju. In general, the internal friction angle and cohesion of soil increased with the increase of soil compaction. After applying the tillage operations, the internal friction angle reduced by 14 degree and the cohesion decreased up to about $2.2N/cm^2$ on the soil bin in comparison with those before tillage. The two values, however, reduced by 9 degree and up to about $1.0N/cm^2$ on the tested fields. The CIs for all the tillage operations on the soil bin and on 4 different test fields were decreased by 800 kPa in comparison with those before tillage. The best combination of tillage operations for decreasing the CIs of soil was one plow operation followed by one rotary. The CIs for one plow operation followed by two rotary were slightly higher than that for one plow operation followed by one rotary because one plow operation followed by two rotary crushed down the soil excessively, so that the porosity of soil decreased.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.685-692
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• 2002

It is very useful to estimate easily the various characteristics of streams and to manage objectively streams, as the order or grade among streams is determined by the natural characteristics and the degree of human utilization. With obtainable various statistics data and expert examination, we proposed the measurable evaluation index of "stream weight" considering the natural characteristics of streams, the utilization degree of streams and the social conditions of the regions crossed streams. The each stream weight is calculated as follows. Firstly, select the various factors which influence to streams in AHP. Secondly, determine the each weight of factors by the result of expert examination. Finally, sum up after multiplying the normalized factors by these two values. The stream weight can be used such divisions as the recognization of relative weight between streams, the determination of the stream management direction in the near future, the enhancement of the efficiency of stream management through the adjustment of the present stream grade and the determination of the management method concerned the stream weight as well.t as well.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.433-459
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• 2015

This paper aims at a better understanding of the concept of korean separable syntactic atom, of which inner parts is separable in syntax, and at examining whether or not this concept can apply to derivatives, functional complex constructions, idiomatic expressions in korean. I defined a syntactic atom as a minimum unit which is drawn directly from lexicon and then is applied to syntactic rules. And I insist that so-called 'lexical island constraint' has some problems and that the syntactic rules can be applied to inner parts of syntactic atom, if the syntactic rules is irrelevant to new syntactic atom formation. The greater part of derivatives is non-separable syntactic atoms. But the likes of '반짝거리다', '죄송스럽다', '칭얼대다' are the separable syntactic atoms. The degree of separability of them is different in the insertion of korean particles or negative adverbs and the omission of root of sytactic atom. The derivatives of 'X-적', of which roots is regular nominal roots, permit the syntactic link between roots and the syntactic combination of the root and its argument. These kinds of derivatives is separable syntactic atoms. Also the derivatives of 'bracket paradox' and 'X-답-' derivatives is separable syntactic atoms. All functional complex constructions are not separable syntactic atoms. According to the degree of grammaticalization, inner parts of some are separable, some is non-separable. Separable functional complex constructions only permit the switching of endings or Josas but not application of other syntactic rules. All idiomatic expressions which are composed of two or more syntactic atoms are separable syntactic atoms. Some of them have so strong separability to allow the insertion of syntactic atom, adverb or adnominal modification and the noun in idiomatic expression to become the head of the relative clause. And some idiomatic expressions which have weak separability only permit interrogative's substitution or form change in fraction of idiomatic expressions.