• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2012

The matric suction and volumetric water content of Jumunin standard sand with a relative density of 60% were measured using an Automated Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) apparatus during both drying and wetting processes. The test time for the drying process was longer than that for the wetting process, because the flow of water is likely to be protected by air trapped in voids within the soils during the drying process. Based on the matric suction and volumetric water content, the SWCC was estimated using the model proposed by van Genuchten (1980). For the drying process, the unsaturated fitting parameters ${\alpha}$, n, and m were 0.399, 8.586, and 0.884, respectively; for the wetting process, the values were 0.548, 5.625, and 8.220, respectively. The hysteresis phenomenon occurred in the SWCCs, which means the SWCC of the drying process is not matched with the SWCC of the wetting process. Using these unsaturated parameters, we estimated the Suction Stress Characteristic Curve (SSCC), based on the relationship between suction stress and the effective degree of saturation. The suction stress showed a rapid decrease when the matric suction exceeds the Air Entry Value (AEV). Therefore, the effective stress of unsaturated soils is different from that of saturated soils when the matric suction exceeds the AEV. The suction stress of the drying process exceeds that of the wetting process for a given effective degree of saturation. The hysteresis phenomenon was also recognized in SSCCs. The hysteresis phenomenon of SSCCs arises from that of SWCCs, which is induced by the ink bottle effect and the contact angle effect. In the case of a sandy slope, the suction stress is positive and acts to enhance the slope stability as the water infiltrates the ground, but is negative when the suction stress exceeds the AEV. The results obtained for the wetting process should be applied in analyses of slope stability, because the process of water infiltration into ground is similar to the wetting process.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.95-113
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• 2009

Objectives : Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) is a hair care product which is composed of ten plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) on hair regrowth and cytokine changes in a shaving model of C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods : Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week at a temperature between $21-23^{\circ}C$, 40-60% relative humidity, and 12h of a light/dark cycle before beginning of the experiment. There were three experimental groups including 50% ethanol (EtOH, control), a positive control of 3% Minoxidil, and 30% Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) in 50% ethanol in 18 female mice. The test compounds were topically treated once a day over 12 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 12 days. Revelation of EGF, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and IL-6 in hair follicle were also determined using immunohistochemistry. In addition to that, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results : Hair regrowth in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups was promoted earlier and faster than the control group. Concentrations of hairs and thick-hair ratio in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups were promoted than the control group. EGF was moderately positive in hair follicle of 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups, but negative in the control group. $TGF-{\beta}1$ was not significantly difference between the groups. IL-6 in hair follicle of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group was negative, but weakly positive in 3% Minoxidil and control group. IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were significantly decreased in Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group, but there was not significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and control group. $TNF-{\alpha}$ in skin tissue was significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) has hair growth promoting activity and it can be used for treatment of alopecia. And these effects relate to EGF revelation of hair follicle and a decrease IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2001

Background: The most important factor in preventing sternal complications is stable sternal approximation. We have tried to find the most effective sternal closure method by examining the incidence of sternal dehiscence with or without infection in patients with cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. Material and Method: This study was performed in 489 patients over 45 years of age with median sternotomy for open cardiac surgery. Simple closure with interrupted 6 wires was performed in 159 patients, figure-of-8 closure technique in 119, overlapping interrupted closure using 10 wires in 150, and combined closure technique of interrupted simple closure and figure-of-8 suture closure in 61. Two hundred thirty-four patients underwent valve and aortic operations and 213 patients coronary artery bypass surgery. Result: Sternal dehiscence with or without infection occurred in 12 (2.5 %) patients. The complication developed in 5 of 159 patients (3.1%) with six interrupted simple closure, in 4 of 119 patients (3.4%) with figure-of-8 closure, and in 3 of 150 patients (2.0%) with overlapping interrupted closure using 10 wires, but there was no complication in 61 patients with combined closure technique (relative risk for other closure techniques, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of the sternal complication between valve and aortic operation group and coronary artery bypass group (3.0% vs 2.3%, not significant), but diabetes mellitus was a significant independent risk factor (odds ratio and multivariate analysis, p<0.05). Conclusion: The sternal closure technique that combines simple interrupted suture closure and figure-of-8 suture closure may be a more useful technique to enhance sternal stabilization compared to other closure techniques, such as simple interrupted closure, 8-figure closure, and overlapping interrupted closure.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2017

Floral scent emitted from many plants is the critical factors for pollinator attraction and defense for adaptation in environments. The fragrance components of flowers are different in composition by geographical origins, climate factors and the development stages of flowers. In the present study, we investigated the volatile-floral compounds in flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and defined the chemical contribution for flowering periods. The volatile compounds analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector after solid phase microextraction (SPME). We reported different compositional features of fragrance compounds according to flowering periods. The abundant compounds identified in stage 1 were ${\alpha}$-pinene (66.80%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (26.53%). Those of the stage 2 were (Z)-${\beta}$-ocimene (37.57%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (15.16%), benzaldehyde (16.63%), linalool (12.13%). The volatiles of stage 3 comprised an abundance of (Z)-${\beta}$-ocimene (64.94%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (9.84%), linalool (8.92%), benzaldehyde (1.71%). Leaf volatiles were distinct from those in the reproductive plant parts by their high relative amount of (E)-${\beta}$-ocimene (23.50%) and (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate (27.87%). Differences in flower scents of the different stages and leaves are discussed in light of biochemical constraints on volatile chemical synthesis and of the role of flower scent in evolutionary ecology of R. pseudoacacia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.576-581
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• 2004

Foxtail Millet Yakju were treated with heat ($65^{\circ}C$/15 min) or high hydrostatic pressure ($25^{\circ}C$ (RT) and $65^{\circ}C$ (HT)/400 MPa/10 min), and stored for 64 days at l$0^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 37$^{\circ}C$. Changes in microbial counts, enzyme activity and quality of Yakju during storage were measured. Total viable cells were about 10$^2$ CFU/mL, and remained almost constant during storage at l$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, while decreased significantly at 37$^{\circ}C$, and undetected after 55 days of storage in heat- and pressure(RT)-treated, but after 25 days in pressure(HT)-treated Yakju. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast in heat- and pressure-treated Yakju were not detected during storage. The relative activities of a -amylase in heat- and pressure(RT)-treated were more than 100%, while those in pressure(HT)-treated were less than 40% during storage of 64 days at l$0^{\circ}C$. However, at $25^{\circ}C$ and 37$^{\circ}C$ the relative activities in untreated and pressure(RT)-treated were decreased greatly and then reached at the point of the activities of heat- and pressure(HT)-treated. The relative activities of glucoamylase in untreated and pressure(RT)-treated were decreased as the increase of the storage temperature during storage, while those in heat- and pressure(HT)-treated increased slightly as the increase of storage period at 1$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, and had no change at 37$^{\circ}C$. pH in heat- and pressure-treated had almost no change. Turbidity and reducing sugar in heat- and pressure-treated increased as the increase of storage temperature during storage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2005

Background: The best dose-fractionation regimen of the definitive radiotherapy for cervix cancer remains to be clearly determined. It seems to be partially attributed to the complexity of the affecting factors and the lack of detailed information on external and intra-cavitary fractionation. To find optimal practice guidelines, our experiences of the combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) were reviewed with detailed information of the various treatment parameters obtained from a large cohort of women treated homogeneously at a single institute. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 743 cervical cancer patients (Stage IB 198, IIA 77, IIB 364, IIIA 7, IIIB 89 and IVA 8) treated by radiotherapy alone, between 1990 and 1996. A total external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) dose of $23.4\~59.4$ Gy (Median 45.0) was delivered to the whole pelvis. High-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IBT) was also peformed using various fractionation schemes. A Midline block (MLB) was initiated after the delivery of $14.4\~43.2$ Gy (Median 36.0) of EBRT in 495 patients, while In the other 248 patients EBRT could not be used due to slow tumor regression or the huge initial bulk of tumor. The point A, actual bladder & rectal doses were individually assessed in all patients. The biologically effective dose (BED) to the tumor ($\alpha/\beta$=10) and late-responding tissues ($\alpha/\beta$=3) for both EBRT and HDR-ICBT were calculated. The total BED values to point A, the actual bladder and rectal reference points were the summation of the EBRT and HDR-ICBT. In addition to all the details on dose-fractionation, the other factors (i.e. the overall treatment time, physicians preference) that can affect the schedule of the definitive radiotherapy were also thoroughly analyzed. The association between MD-BED $Gy_3$ and the risk of complication was assessed using serial multiple logistic regression models. The associations between R-BED $Gy_3$ and rectal complications and between V-BED $Gy_3$ and bladder complications were assessed using multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for age, stage, tumor size and treatment duration. Serial Coxs proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relative risks of recurrence due to MD-BED $Gy_{10}$, and the treatment duration. Results: The overall complication rate for RTOG Grades $1\~4$ toxicities was $33.1\%$. The 5-year actuarial pelvic control rate for ail 743 patients was $83\%$. The midline cumulative BED dose, which is the sum of external midline BED and HDR-ICBT point A BED, ranged from 62.0 to 121.9 $Gy_{10}$ (median 93.0) for tumors and from 93.6 to 187.3 $Gy_3$ (median 137.6) for late responding tissues. The median cumulative values of actual rectal (R-BED $Gy_3$) and bladder Point BED (V-BED $Gy_3$) were 118.7 $Gy_3$ (range $48.8\~265.2$) and 126.1 $Gy_3$ (range: $54.9\~267.5$), respectively. MD-BED $Gy_3$ showed a good correlation with rectal (p=0.003), but not with bladder complications (p=0.095). R-BED $Gy_3$ had a very strong association (p=<0.0001), and was more predictive of rectal complications than A-BED $Gy_3$. B-BED $Gy_3$ also showed significance in the prediction of bladder complications in a trend test (p=0.0298). No statistically significant dose-response relationship for pelvic control was observed. The Sandwich and Continuous techniques, which differ according to when the ICR was inserted during the EBRT and due to the physicians preference, showed no differences in the local control and complication rates; there were also no differences in the 3 vs. 5 Gy fraction size of HDR-ICBT. Conclusion: The main reasons optimal dose-fractionation guidelines are not easily established is due to the absence of a dose-response relationship for tumor control as a result of the high-dose gradient of HDR-ICBT, individual differences In tumor responses to radiation therapy and the complexity of affecting factors. Therefore, in our opinion, there is a necessity for individualized tailored therapy, along with general guidelines, in the definitive radiation treatment for cervix cancer. This study also demonstrated the strong predictive value of actual rectal and bladder reference dosing therefore, vaginal gauze packing might be very Important. To maintain the BED dose to less than the threshold resulting in complication, early midline shielding, the HDR-ICBT total dose and fractional dose reduction should be considered.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.198-209
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• 1979

L-Tyrosine, 2-chloro-L-tyrosine, 2-bromo-L-tyrosine, and 2-iodo-L-tyrosine were synthesized by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ obtained from cells of Escherichia intermedia A-21, through the reversal of the ${\alpha},{\beta}-elimination$ reaction, and their molecular structures were analyzed by element analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Rates of synthesis and hydrolysis of halogenated tyrosines by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$, inhibition of the enzyme activity by halogenated phenols, and effects of addition of m-bromophenol on the synthesis of 2-bromotyrosine were determined. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In the synthesis of halogenated tyrosines, the yield of 2-chlorotyrosine from m-chlorophenol were approximately 15 per cent, that of 2-bromotyrosine from m-bromophenol 13.8 per cent, and that of 2-iodotyrosine from m-iodophenol 9.8 per cent. 2) Rate of synthesis of halogenated tyrosines by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was slower than that of tyrosine and the rates were decreased in the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine, that is, by increasing the atomic radius. Relative rate of 2-chlorotyrosine synthesis was determined to be 28.2, that of 2-bromotyrosine to be 8.13, and that of 2-iodotyrosine to be 0.98, respectively, against 100 of tyrosine. However 3-iodotyrosine was not synthesized by the enzyme. 3) The relative rate of 2-chlorotyrosine hydrolysis by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was 70.7, that of 2-bromotyrosine was 39.0, and that of 2-iodotyrosine was 12.6 against 100 of tyrosine, respectively. The rate of hydrolysis appeared to be decreased in the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine, that is, by increasing the atomic radius or by decreasing the electronegativity. But 3-iodotyrosine was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. 4) The activity of ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was inhibited by phenol markedly. Of the halogenated phenols, o-, or m-chlorophenol and o-bromophenol gave marked inhibition on the enzyme action, however inhibition by iodophenol was not strong. Plotting by Lineweaver-Burk method, a mixed-type inhibition by m-chlorophenol was observed and its Ki value was found to be $5.46{\times}10^{-4}M$. 5) During the synthesizing reaction of 2-bromotyrosine by the enzyme, sequential addition of substrate which was m-bromophenol with time intervals and in a small amount resulted in better yield of the product. 6) The halogenated tyrosines which were produced by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ from pyruvate, ammonia and m-halogenated phenols were analysed to determine their molecular structures by element analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The result indicated that they were 2-chloro-L-tyrosine, 2-bromo-L-tyrosine, and 2-iodo-L-tyrosine, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.76-93
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the core components required of nurses to provide quality nursing care to patients and analyze the significance of these components in the hospital's various units to maintain a high level of competence among nurses. Method: The study evaluated 3 categories included 35 subcategories with 148 core components that were derived from literature review and interviews of nursing professionals. The nursing professional category included 18 subcategories with 98 components, the organizational culture category included 4 subcategories with 16 components, and the temperament-attitude category included 13 subcategories with 34 components. The study included 335 nurses with more than one year of hospital experience and measured disparities among different hospital units. The data was analyzed with SPSS-Win 10.0, differing perceptions of the importance of general traits among the participants were measured using standard deviation, and differing perceptions of the importance of professional traits among the participants were assessed using ANOVA and subsequently with the Bonferroni Test. The reliability of the aforementioned research tools were evaluated using the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Result: The results of the study were as follows: 1. Among the three categories, temperament-attitude category was perceived to be the most important, followed by nursing professional category and organizational culture category. Among the ten most important subcategories within the three categories, safety and infection prevention as well as responsibility were perceived to be the most important, followed by promotion of physiologic adaptation, document management and presentation, self-control, ethics, observance law, coping with emergency, humanity, and medication. 2. The relative importance of category associated with the core competencies within the hospital unit were as follows : 1) The units that rated nursing professional category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, mother-child unit, emergency room, intensive care unit, and operating room, in that order. 2) The units that rated the organizational culture competencies as being the most significant were: mother-child unit, internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order. 3) The units that rated temperament-attitude category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, mother-child unit, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.1602-1608
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• 2007

The composites were fabricated, respectively, using 61[vol.%] SiC-39[vol.%] $TiB_2$ and using 61[vol.%] SiC-39[vol.%] $ZrB_2$ powders with the liquid forming additives of 12[wt%] $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ by hot pressing annealing at $1650[^{\circ}C]$ for 4 hours. Reactions between SiC and transition metal $TiB_2$, $ZrB_2$ were not observed in this microstructure. The result of phase analysis of composites by XRD revealed SiC(6H, 3C), $TiB_2$, $ZrB_2$ and $YAG(Al_5Y_3O_{12})$ crystal phase on the Liquid-Phase-Sintered(LPS) $SiC-TiB_2$, and $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite. $\beta\rightarrow\alpha-SiC$ phase transformation was occurred on the $SiC-TiB_2$ and $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite. The relative density, the flexural strength and Young's modulus showed the highest value of 98.57[%], 249.42[MPa] and 91.64[GPa] in $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite at room temperature respectively. The electrical resistivity showed the lowest value of $7.96{\times}10^{-4}[\Omega{\cdot}cm]$ for $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite at $25[^{\circ}C]$. The electrical resistivity of the $SiC-TiB_2$ and $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite was all positive temperature coefficient resistance (PTCR) in the temperature ranges from $25[^{\circ}C]$ to $700[^{\circ}C]$. The resistance temperature coefficient of composite showed the lowest value of $1.319\times10^{-3}/[^{\circ}C]$ for $SiC-ZrB_2$ composite in the temperature ranges from $100[^{\circ}C]$ to $300[^{\circ}C]$ Compositional design and optimization of processing parameters are key factors for controlling and improving the properties of SiC-based electroconductive ceramic composites.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.22-40
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to discuss amrketing strategy for oriental hospital, by making a comparative analysis of how hospital user satifaction was affected by hospi시 choice motivation between oriental hospital users and western hospital. The data usel in this study was the Korea Isititute of oriental medicine(1999)'s study on utilization of oriental medical care. And and interview was hold with outpatients who visited around march to April, 1999, at each an oriental hospital and a westen hospital in Seoul and in Wonju city, Kongwon province. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The factor analysis of hospital choice motivation was made by figuring out facor's mean value, and T-test and ANOVA were employed to find out what difference was made by sociodmographic charcteristics to the factors. Also, the multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine what gave an impact on hospital user satisfaction. The findings of this study were as follows; First as a result of making a factor analysis against hospital choice motivation to find out what kind of differenc there was between oriental hospital user motivation and western hospital and person factors. Among them, the hospital charcteristics, preception, personal and person factors. Among them, the hospital charcteristics appered to have the biggest effect of hospital choice motivation. Second, as a result of making comparison between oriental oriental hospital user satisfaction and werterm hospital user satisfaction, there was a singificant between their satisfaction at treatment time, kindness and relative kiness aginst the pther hospital. The oriental level combining 6 items. The geneal satisfaction level combining 6itmes tured out to have reliability of chronbach $\alpha$=0.7126. As a result of examining how mech the general satifaction level depended on sociodemographic characteristics, ther was found be significantly affected by age, marital status, educational background or hospital type. Those who a spouse or a lower educational background or the oriental hospital users got better score. Third, the multiple regression analysis was made to find out what factors affected western and oriental hospital user satisfaction, As a result, the waiting time, experience of other medical facilities and hospital characteristic variable were identified as a key factor on which westerm hospital user satisfaction depended. In conclusion, the oriental hhspital user expressed more staisfaction than the weshren hospital users. Then the characteristic factor played a singificant role in user satisfaction, which included hospital facilities, kindness of herb doctor and employees, or hospital reputation of credibility. in order to raise hospital user datisfaction, it seemed necessary to pay more attention to hospital characteristic factor rather than to perception factor.