• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural crops and is grown under a wide spectrum of environmental conditions. However, maize is moderately sensitive to salt stress, and soil salinity is a serious threat to its production worldwide. In this study, we used ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to generate salt-tolerant silage maize mutants. We screened salt-tolerant lines from 203 M₃ mutant populations by evaluating the morphological phenotype after salt stress treatment and selected the 140ES91 line. The 140ES91 mutant showed improved plant growth as well as higher proline content and leaf photosynthetic capacity compared with those of wild-type plants under salt stress conditions. Using whole-genome re-sequencing analysis, 1,103 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 71 insertions or deletions were identified as common variants between KS140 and 140ES91 in comparison with the reference genome B73. Furthermore, the expression patterns of three genes, which are involved in salt stress responses, were increased in the 140ES91 mutant under salt stress. Taken together, the mutant line identified in our study could be used as an improved breeding material for transferring salt tolerance traits in maize varieties.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.517-525
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• 2013

Time-series data of Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) satellite imagery gives a waveform that reveals the characteristics of the phenology. The waveform can be decomposed into harmonics of various periods by the Fourier transformation. The resulting $n^{th}$ harmonics represent the amount of NDVI change in a period of a year divided by n. The values of each harmonics or their relative relation have been used to classify the vegetation species and to build a vegetation map. Here, we propose a method to estimate the annual amount of carbon absorbed on the forest from the $1^{st}$ harmonic NDVI value. The $1^{st}$ harmonic value represents the amount of growth of the leaves. By the allometric equation of trees, the growth of leaves can be considered to be proportional to the total amount of carbon absorption. We compared the $1^{st}$ harmonic NDVI values of the 6220 sample points with the reference data of the carbon absorption obtained by the field survey in the forest of South Korea. The $1^{st}$ harmonic values were roughly proportional to the amount of carbon absorption irrespective of the species and ages of the vegetation. The resulting proportionality constant between the carbon absorption and the $1^{st}$ harmonic value was 236 tCO2/5.29ha/year. The total amount of carbon dioxide absorption in the forest of South Korea over the last ten years has been estimated to be about 56 million ton, and this coincides with the previous reports obtained by other methods. Considering that the amount of the carbon absorption becomes a kind of currency like carbon credit, our method is very useful due to its generality.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2006

$\underline{Purpose}$: To analyze the recent citation trend and to find a way to improve impact factor (IF) of the Journal of Korean Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (JKSTRO) by analysis of Korean Medical Citation Index (KoMCI) citation data of JKSTRO and comparison with that of mean citation data of all journals enlisted on KoMCI (KoMCI journals) during 2000-2005. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: All citation data of entire journals enlisted on KoMCI and JKSTRO from 2000 to 2005 were obtained from KoMCI. The trend of total and annual number of published articles and reference citations, total citations and self-citations per paper, IF and impact factor excluding self-citations (ZIF) were described and compared on both KoMCI journals and JKSTRO. $\underline{Results}$: Annual number of published articles was decreased for 6 years on both KoMCI journals and JKSTRO (32% and 38% reduction rate). The number of Korean journal references per article is 1.6 papers on JKSTRO comparing to 2.0 papers on KoMCI journals. The percentage of Korean references/total references increased from 5.0% in 2000 to 7.7% in 2005 on JKSTRO and from 8.5% in 2000 to 10.1% on KoMCI journals. The number of total citations received/paper on JKSTRO (average 1.333) is smaller than that of KoMCI journals (average 1.694), there was an increased rate of 67% in 2005 comparing to 2000. The percentage of self-citations/total citations (average 72%) on JKSTRO is slightly higher than that of KoMCI journals (average 61%). IF of JKSTRO was gradually improved and 0.144, 0.125, 0.088, 0.107, 0.187, and 0.203 in 2000-2005 respectively. However, ZIF of JKSTRO is steadily decreased from 0.038 in 2000 to 0.013 in 2005 except 0.044 in 2004. $\underline{Conclusion}$: IF of JKSTRO was slightly improved but had some innate problem of smaller number of citations received. To make JKSTRO as a highly cited journal, the awareness of academic status of JKSTRO and active participation of every member of JKSTRO including encouraging self-citations of papers published recent 2 years and submission of English written papers, and active academic cooperation with related academic societies.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2008

Purpose: We analyze the characteristics of soft tissue sarcomas presented with hematoma, which were misdiagnosed as simple hematoma initially and the proper management were delayed. Materials and Methods: The 7 patients with histologically proven soft tissue sarcoma with hematoma presented since February 1997 were evaluated retrospectively. Neither patient had a medical history of bleeding tendency nor anticoagulant therapy. Two of them had minor traumas. There were 2 men and 5 women. Average follow up period was 58 months. MRI findings, provided treatments and oncologic outcome were reviewed with the reference of related articles. Results: Retrospective review of initial MR images revealed deep seated intramuscular masses with focal solid enhanced nodules at the peripheral margin. The diagnoses were delayed at least 1 month in 3 of them which included 2 cases of simple hematoma evacuation without biopsy initially. After histologic diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, wide resections were performed in 4 cases. one patient underwent above knee amputation and the remained 2 patients were managed with wide resection followed by amputation due to local recurrence. At last follow up there were CDF and NED in 2 cases, respectively and AWD in 3 cases. Conclusion: To avoid the delay of diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas presented with hematoma, high degree of clinical suspicion, careful analysis of MR images and early biopsy were important.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

The ray paths and travel times of sound wave in the ocean depend on the physical properties of the propagating media. Ocean Acoustic Tomography(OAT), which is inversely estimate the travel time variations between fixed sources and receivers the physical properties of the corresponding media can he understood. To apply ocean survey technology by using the OAT, the tomographic procedure requires forward problem that variation of the travel times be identified with the variability of the medium. Also, received signals must be satisfied the necessary conditions of ray path stability, identification and resolution in order for OAT to work. The canonical ocean has been determined based on the historical data and its travel time and ray path are used as reference values. The sound speed of canonical ocean in the East Sea is about 1523 m/s at the surface and 1458 m/s at the sound channel axis(400m). Sound speeds in the East Sea are perturbed by warm eddy whose horizontal extension is more than 100 km with deeper than 200 m in depth scale. In this study, an acoustic source and receiver are placed at the depth above the sound channel axis, 350 m, and are separated by 200 km range. Ray paths are identified by the ray theory methed in a range dependent medium whose sound speeds are functions of a range and depth. The eigenray information obtained from interpolation between the rays bracketing the receiver are used to simulate the received signal by convolution of source signal with the eigenray informations. The source signal is taken as a 400 Hz rectangular pulse signal, bandwidth is 16 Hz and pulse length is 64 ms. According to the analysis of the received signal and identified ray path by using numerical model of underwater sound propagation, simulated signals satisfy the necessary conditions of OAT, applied in the East Sea.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.81-102
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• 2014

In 1978, there was an investigation before the repair of the pagoda in Suzhou Ruiguangsi (蘇州 瑞光寺) and many Buddhist literatures were found in the center of pagoda's 3rd floor. This study is the analysis of the forms and values of the literatures. Since there were 123 ea of precious literatures made from Tang (唐) period to early North Sung (北宋) period among the found Buddhist literatures, they have very important meaning in the bibliography for the time. Suzhou Reiguangsi (蘇州 瑞光寺) was built by the first king of Wu (吳), Sun Quan (孫權). He built this Buddhist temple to meet Monk Xingkang (性康) from Kangjuguo (康居國). When it had been first built, it had been called Puji Chanyuan (普濟禪院) and it was renamed as current Ruiguangsi (瑞光寺) after the major expansion in the early period of North Sung (北宋). The Ruiguangta (瑞光塔) was built by Sun Quan (孫權) in A.D. 247 immediately after the temple had been built. Sun Quan built this pagoda as a 13-floor pagoda to pray for the easy passage into eternity of his mother, national prosperity and welfare of the people. As time passed by, the pagoda was largely damaged and it was newly built in A.D. 1017 (天禧 1) of early North Sung (北宋) period; while it was named as Duobaota (多寶塔). The literatures found in Ruiguangta consist of 107 ea of 3 sets dharani (陀羅尼) scripture and 16 volumes of 5 books, total 123 ea. Especially, there were 7 books of full set transcript of Lotus Sutra (法華經) in relatively complete form. This sutra written in gilt lettering on dark blue paper was made in Middle Tang (中唐) period and it is believed to be the only one existing in East Asia as a scripture written in gilt lettering on dark blue paper (紺紙金字寫經). There were also 6 books of small letter edition of Lotus Sutra (法華經) in complete form, which was published during the early North Sung (北宋) period. This specific edition is incorrectly stated in most general reference books published in China as having been engraved in early Tang period (初唐) since a Japanese scholar wrongly introduced it as having been engraved together with Nakamura edition (中村本). It is meaningful that this error can be corrected by the finding of this study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1143-1152
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• 2012

We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of $CO_2$ was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were $CH_4$ emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing $CO_2$ emission from rice paddy fields.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2008

The purpose of the HLW deep geological disposal is to isolate and to delay the radioactive material release to human beings and the environment for a long time so that the toxicity does not affect to the environment. The main requirements for the HLW repository design is to keep the buffer temperature below $100\;^{\circ}C$ in order to maintain its integrity. So the cooling time of spent fuels discharged from the nuclear power plant is the key consideration factors for efficiency and economic feasibility of the repository. The disposal tunnel/disposal hole spacing, the disposal area and thermal capacity required for the deep geological repository layout which satisfies the temperature requirement of the disposal system is analyzed to set the optimized spent fuels cooling time. To do this, based on the reference disposal concept, thermal stability analyses of the disposal system have been performed and the derived results have been compared by setting the spent fuels cooling time and the disposal tunnel/disposal hole spacing in various ways. From these results, desirable spent fuels cooling time in view of disposal area is derived. The results shows that the time reaching the maximum temperature within the design limit of the temperature in the disposal site is likely shortened as the cooling time of spent fuels becomes short. Also it seems that the temperature-rising and-dropping patterns in the disposal site are of smoothly varying form as the cooling time of spent fuels becomes long. In addition, it is revealed that a desirable cooling time of spent fuels is approximately 40-50 years when spent fuels are supposedly disposed in the deep geological disposal site with its structural scale under consideration in this study.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

In the 2000s, character animation technique is used at domestic TV character animation ads of diverse items displaying new character patterns and expression techniques of a high level. This study intends to identify the characteristics of TV character animation ads based ell character aesthetic theory and advertising rhetoric theory, and based on these findings, analyze trend and stream of expression in TV character animation ads by examining and classifying advertisements released in the past four years by items, character patterns and expression techniques. The results showed that TV character animation ads have been concentrated on confectionery, beverages and foods in the past, but the items have been diversified through the years. With reference to character patterns, personal and animal characters had made the main pattern, but recently product, virtual and composite characters are on the increase. In expression techniques, cell animation technique was found to be the most frequently used technique, which was followed by full-3D, cell and live action, cell and 3D and the clay animation technique. A trend like this suggests that TV character animation advertising items will continue to increase in line with the participation level of targets. In the meantime, personal and animal characters will continue to make the leading character pattern, while virtual and composite character patterns emerge in new forms. In expression techniques, live action combined with 30 technique and techniques using new expression materials will appear with cell animation technique as a central figure. As a whole, Korean character animation advertisement is expected to keep on growing to a new dimension in the aspect of items, character patterns and expression technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 2008

To response climate change and Kyoto protocol and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, marine geological storage of $CO_2$ is regarded as one of the most promising option. Marine geological storage of $CO_2$ is to capture $CO_2$ from major point sources(eg. power plant), to transport to the storage sites and to store $CO_2$ into the marine geological structure such as deep sea saline aquifer. To design a reliable $CO_2$ marine geological storage system, it is necessary to perform numerical process simulation using thermodynamic equation of state. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyse the relevant equations of state including ideal, BWRS, PR, PRBM and SRK equation of state. To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the equation of the state, we compared numerical calculation results with reference experimental data. Ideal and SRK equation of state did not predict the density behavior above $29.85^{\circ}C$, 60 bar. Especially, they showed maximum 100% error in supercritical state. BWRS equation of state did not predict the density behavior between $60{\sim}80\;bar$ and near critical temperature. On the other hand, PR and PRBM equation of state showed good predictive capability in supercritical state. Since the thermodynamic conditions of $CO_2$ reservoir sites correspond to supercritical state(above $31.1^{\circ}C$ and 73.9 bar), we conclude that it is recommended to use PR and PRBM equation of state in designing of $CO_2$ marine geological storage process.