• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.69-79
• /
• 1982

The objective of this study is to contribute to drainage planning in the most realistic and economical way by establishing the relationship between rice yield reduction and overhead flooding by muddy water of each growth stage of paddy, which is the most important factor in determining optimum drainage facilities. This study was based on the data mainly from the experimental reports of the Office of Rural Development of Korea, Reduction Rate Estimation for Summer Crops, published by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan and other related research documenta- tion. The results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Damages by overhead flooding are highest in heading stage and have the tendency of decrease in the order of booting stage, panicle formation stage, tillering stage, and stage just after transplanting. Damages by overhead flooding of each growing stage are as follows: a) It is considered that overhead flooding just after transplanting gives a little influence on plant growth and yield because the paddy has sufficient growth period from floo ding to harvest time. b) Jt is analyzed that according to the equation y=11 12x 0.908 which is derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding during tillering stage for 1, 2, 3 successive days are 11.1 %, 20.9%, and 30.2% respectively. c) Damages by overhead flooding after panicle formation stage are very serious because recovering period is very short after damage and ineffective tillering is much. Acc- ording to the equation y=9. 58x+10. Ol derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding fal 1,2,3,5 successive days are 19.6%, 29.2%, 38.8%, 57.9% respectively. d) Booting stage is the very important period in which young panicle has grown up almost completely and the number of glumous flower is fixed since reduction division takes place in the microspore mother cell and enbryo mother cell. According to the equation y=39. 66x 0.558 derived from this study, damages by overhead floodingfor 0.5, 1, 3, 5 successive days are 26.9%, 39.7%, 72. 2% and 97.4%, respectively. Therefore, damages by overhead flooding is very serious during the hooting stage. e) When ear of paddy emerges, flowering begins on that day or the next day; when paddy flowers, fertilization will be completed 2-3 hours after flowering. Therefore overhead flooding during heading stage impedes flowering and increases sterilizing percentage. From this reason damages of heading stage are larger than that of booting stage. According to the equation y-41 94x 0.589 derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, successive days are 27.9%, 63.1 %, 80.1%, and 100% 2. Considering that temperature of booting stage is higher than that of beading stage and plant height of booting stage is ten centimeters shorter than that of heading stage, booting stage should be taken as a critical period for drainage planning because possi- bility of damage occurrence in booting stage is larger than that of heading stage. There-fore, it is considered that booting stage should be taken as critical period of paddy growth for drainage planning. 3. Overhead flooding depth is different depending on the stage of growth. In case, booting stage is adopted as design stage of growth for drainage planning, it is conside red that the allowable flooding depth for new varieties and general varieties are 70cm and 80cm respectively. 4. Reduction Rate Estimation by Wind and Flood for Rice Planting of the present design criteria for drainage planning shows damage by overhead flooding for 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 7 consecutive days; damages by overhead flooding varies considerably over several hours and experimental condition of soil, variety of paddy, and climate differs with real situation. From these reasons, damage by flooding could not be estimated properly in the past. This study has derived the equation which shows damages by flooding of each growth stage on an hourly basis. Therefore, it has become possible to compute the exact damages in case duration of overhead flooding is known.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1978년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.149-157
• /
• 1978

Ginseng is the English common name for the species in the genus Panax. This article gives a broad botanical review including the morphological characteristics, ecological amplitude, and the ethnobotanical aspect of the genus Panax. The species of Panax are adapted for life in rich loose soil of partially shaded forest floor with the deciduous trees such as linden, oak, maple, ash, alder, birch, beech, hickory, etc. forming the canopy. Like their associated trees, all ginsengs are deciduous. They require annual climatic changes, plenty of water in summer, and a period of dormancy in winter. The plant body of ginseng consists of an underground rhizome and an aerial shoot. The rhizome has a terminal bud, prominent leafscars and a fleshy root in some species. It is perennial. The aerial shoot is herbaceous and annual. It consists of a single slender stem with a whorl of digitately compound leaves and a terminal umbel bearing fleshy red fruits after flowering. The yearly cycle of death and renascence of the aerial shoot is a natural phenomenon in ginseng. The species of Panax occur in eastern North America and eastern Asia, including the eastern portion of the Himalayan region. Such a bicentric generic distributional pattern indicates a close floristic relationship of the eastern sides of two great continental masses in the northern hemisphere. It is well documented that genera with this type of disjunct distribution are of great antiquity. Many of them have fossil remains in Tertiary deposits. In this respect, the species of Panax may be regarded as living fossils. The distribution of the species, and the center of morphological diversification are explained with maps and other illustrations. Chemical constituents confirm the conclusion derived from morphological characters that eastern Asia is the center of species concentration of Panax. In eastern North America two species occur between longitude $70^{\circ}-97^{\circ}$ Wand latitude $34^{\circ}-47^{\circ}$ N. In eastern Asia the range of the genus extends from longitude $85^{\circ}$ E in Nepal to $140^{\circ}$ E in Japan, and from latitude $22^{\circ}$ N in the hills of Tonkin of North Vietnam to $48^{\circ}$ N in eastern Siberia. The species in eastern North America all have fleshy roots, and many of the species in eastern Asia have creeping stolons with enlarged nodes or stout horizontal rhizomes as storage organs in place of fleshy roots. People living in close harmony with nature in the homeland of various species of Panax have used the stout rhizomes or the fleshy roots of different wild forms of ginseng for medicine since time immemorial. Those who live in the center morphological diversity are specific both in the application of names for the identification of species in their communication and in the use of different roots as remedies to relieve pain, to cure diseases, or to correct physiological disorders. Now, natural resources of wild plants with medicinal virtue are extremely limited. In order to meet the market demand, three species have been intensively cultivated in limited areas. These species are American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) in northeastern United States, ginseng (P. ginseng) in northeastern Asia, particularly in Korea, and Sanchi (P. wangianus) in southwestern China, especially in Yunnan. At present hybridization and selection for better quality, higher yield, and more effective chemical contents have not received due attention in ginseng culture. Proper steps in this direction should be taken immediately, so that our generation may create a richer legacy to hand down to the future. Meanwhile, all wild plants of all species in all lands should be declared as endangered taxa, and they should be protected from further uprooting so that a. fuller gene pool may be conserved for the. genus Panax.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.130-138
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 전통식물 누리장나무를 조경 소재로 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 자생지 환경특성 및 생육특성과 번식방법을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 우리나라 전역에 자생하고 있는 누리장나무는 예로부터 어린 잎을 식용하거나 줄기, 뿌리 등을 약용으로 이용한 토종식물로서 전통 조경식물로 구분할 수 있다. 누리장나무가 기록된 최초의 문헌은 1937년 정태현 등이 저술한 <조선식물향명집> 에서 개똥나무라 칭하였으며, 황해도 이남 산야지, 산기슭, 하천변, 둑 등에서 자라고, 식용 및 약용으로 이용된다. 누리장나무는 우리 역사와 함께 하였으며, 여름에 피는 흰 꽃과 가을에 익는 비취색의 열매는 관상가치가 높아 조경용 소재로 개발할 가치가 높다. 누리장나무는 낙엽활엽관목으로 한 화방내 꽃의 크기는 1.2cm로 작은 편이며 수술의 수는 4개, 암술의 수는 1개였다. 화방의 총 길이는 15cm, 화방폭은 20cm였으며, 화방당 꽃수는 84개로 한 화방당 꽃이 많은 것을 알 수 있었다. 열매색은 흑청색으로 과폭은 0.72~0.75cm, 과고는 0.71~0.73cm로서 거의 원형에 가까웠으며, 6월 11일 착과되어 이듬해 봄까지 열매가 달려있어 열매 감상기간이 총 175일로 길었다. 자생지의 토양산도는 안양 수리산이 4.58로 강원도의 정선 아우라지의 5.52보다 낮았다. 누리장나무의 종자발아율은 자생지별로 다양하였으며, 플러그(plug) 상자에서 발아율이 80% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 생장 역시 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 녹지삽목 시기를 6월과 7월에 걸쳐 실시한 결과 7월 7일 처리구에서 공히 발근율이 가장 높게 나타난 반면 6월 23일과 7월 21일 처리구는 발근율이 오히려 낮아졌다. IBA 농도에 따른 발근율을 조사한 결과, 7월 7일 IBA 1,000 ppm과 2,000 ppm 처리구에서 발근율이 94%, 97%의 높은 발근율을 보여 누리장나무의 녹지삽목은 7월 상순 IBA 1,000~2,000 ppm의 저농도에서 실시하는 것이 가장 적합하다고 판단되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제62권1호
• /
• pp.24-42
• /
• 1983

한국(韓國)의 서남부(西南部)에 천연분포(天然分布) 되어 있는 호랑가시나무를 조경수(造景樹)로 개발(開發)하고저 분포(分布)와 생태적(生態的) 특성(特性)을 조사(調査) 연구(研究)하여 그 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 1) 한국(韓國)에 있어서의 호랑가시나무의 천연분포(天然分布) 지역(地域)은 한반도(韓半島)의 서남부(西南部) 북위(北緯) $35^{\circ}$43', 동경(東俓) $126^{\circ}$44'과 제주도(濟州道)의 북위(北緯) $33^{\circ}$20', 동경(東俓) $126^{\circ}$15'의 위치(位置)에 있고 해안(海岸)에서 20 km 이내(以內), 해발고(海拔高) 100 m 이하(以下)의 지역(地域)이며 년평균(年平均) 기온(氣温) $12^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上), 한랭지수(寒冷指數) $-12.7^{\circ}C$ 이내(以內), 년평균(年平均) 상대습도(相對濕度) 75~80%, 적설일수(積雪日數) 20~50일(日)과 일치(一致)되는 지역(地域)에 분포(分布)하며 주(主)로 동남향(東南向)에서 좋은 군집(群集)을 이루고 있다. 2) 곰솔, 소나무 등(等)을 상층목(上層木)으로 호랑가시나무, 사스레피나무, 모새나무 등(等)을 중층목(中層木)으로 그늘사초, 새 등(等)을 지표식생(地表植生)으로 구성(構成)된 3계층(階層) 군집식생(群集植生)으로 종다양도(種多樣度)가 높은 발전기(發展期)의 식생(植生)이다. 곰솔, 소나무 등(等)의 침엽수(針葉樹)와 사스레피나무, 모새나무, 호랑가시나무 등(等)의 상록활엽수(常綠闊葉樹)가 혼생(混生)하는 온대(温帶) 남부형(南部型)이고 난대형(暖帶型)까지 천이(遷移)되고 있다. 3) 호랑가시나무의 천연군락(天然群落) 지역(地域)은 편마암(片麻岩), 유문암(流紋岩) 등(等)의 산성계(酸性系) 모암(母岩)으로 pH 4.5~5.0이며 유효인산(有效燐酸)의 함량(含量)이 적은 경식질(輕埴質) 및 중식질(重埴質) 토양(土壤)이었다. 4) 장령수(壯齡樹)의 년평균(年平均) 수고생장(樹高生長)은 $10.48{\pm}0.23cm$ 이고 근원경(根元徑) 생장(生長)은 년평균(年平均) 0.43 cm였다. 평균(平均) 착엽수(着葉數)는 $11.34{\pm}0.28$ 매(枚)였다. 수고(樹高)와 엽수(葉數)는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이며 직선적(直線的)인 관계(關係)가 있었다. 5) 유묘(幼苗)의 년평균(年平均) 묘고(苗高)는 $10.66{\pm}1.37cm$, 착엽수(着葉數)는 $12.21{\pm}0.34$ 매(枚)이고 근원경(根元徑)은 $2.24{\pm}0.067mm$였고, 고온기(高温期)에 주기적(週期的)인 생장(生長)을 한다. 묘고(苗高)와 엽수(葉數), 묘고(苗高)와 근원경(根元徑), 엽수(葉數)와 근원경간(根元徑間)에 모두 정(正)의 상관(相關)인 동시(同時)에 직선적(直線的)인 관계(關係)가 있다. 6) 개화기간(開花期間)은 4월(月) 하순(下旬)부터 5월(月) 상순(上旬)이며 4수성(數性) 화관(花冠)이고 황록색(黃綠色)으로 산방화서(繖方花序)이다. 향기(香氣)가 있고 양성화(兩性花)이지만 자웅(雌雄) 생식기관(生殖器管)의 한 성(性)만 발육(發育)시키는 자웅(雌雄) 이예성(異蕊性)이고 성비(性比)는 1:1이다. 7) 과실(果實)은 5월(月) 상순(上旬)에 장(長) 0.87 cm(0.61~1.31), 폭(幅) 0.8 cm(0.62~1.05)로 완전(完全)히 크며 10월(月) 하순(下旬)부터 11월(月) 상순(上旬)에 주홍(朱紅)으로 성숙(成熟)한다. 성숙과(成熟果)는 익년(翌年) 5월(月) 하순(下旬)까지 변색(變色)되지 않고 있다가 6월(月) 상순(上旬)부터 부분적(部分的)으로 흑갈색(黑褐色)으로 변색(變色)되면서 낙과(落果)되지만 3년차(年次)까지 부착(附着)되는 것도 있다. 8) 종자(種子)의 취득율(取得率)은 중량(重量)으로 평균(平均) 24.7 % 용적중(容積重) 114.2 gr 실중(實重) 24.56gr, 이고 1 과당(果當) 평균(平均) 3.9 립(粒)이 들어 있다. 9) 종자(種子)는 보습매장(保濕埋藏)하여 4월(月) 중순(中旬)에 파종(播種)하면 10월(月)에 뿌리가 내리고 익년(翌年) 4월(月) 중순(中旬)에 발아(發芽) 완료(完了)되지만 미발아(未發芽)한 종자(種子)는 광선하(光線下)에 있거나 건조상태(乾燥狀態)에 있게 되면 휴면(休眠)이 계속된다.