• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.296-302
• /
• 1999

The state of the art of the 2-stage swirl calciner is to make 2-stage counter gas flow in a calciner with cooler hot air. Gas flow in the calciner increases retention time of raw mix particles. Simple structure of the 2-stage swirl calciner operated optimally the rotary cement kiln. In this study, in order to decide the entrance type of the cooler air of the optimal calciner model, an entrance cooler air velocity, the input points of raw mix were analyzed in many aspects with cold model experiment and computational fluidized dynamic simulation. It was found that the entrance type of cooler air fully splite 2-stage for the optimal condition of the cold model calciner. The operation conditions were that the input feeding, the cooler air velocity and the air velocity of throat were 0.33kg/$\textrm m$3$, 15m/s and 20m/s respectively. The performance of 150 t/d the pilot plant connected with the kiln rising duct was that volume capacity of the calciner is over 430 kg/$\textrm m$3$-h, decarbonation rate of raw mix apparently 90%, heat consumption 950 kcal/kg-cli and retention time of raw mix 2.4 sec. Its the best operating condition is cooler air velocity 18m/s, the gas velocity of throat 25m/s, feeding rate of raw mix 10t/h. The operating experience of the pilot plant confirmed the success of scale up for over 3000 t-cli/d.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.407-413
• /
• 2015

Paraquat dichloride (N,N-dimethyl-4-4'-bipiridinium, PQ) is an extremely toxic chemical that is widely used in herbicides. PQ generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes multiple organ failure. In particular, PQ has been reported to be an immunotoxic agrochemical compound. PQ was shown to decrease the number of macrophages in rats and suppress monocyte phagocytic activity in mice. However, the effect of PQ on macrophage cell viability remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of PQ on the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 and its possible mechanism of action. RAW264.7 cells were treated with PQ (0, 75, and $150{\mu}M$), and cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular ROS levels were determined. Morphological changes to the cell nucleus and cellular apoptosis were also evaluated by DAPI and Annexin V staining, respectively. In this study, PQ induced apoptotic cell death by dose-dependently decreasing MMP. Additionally, PQ increased the cleaved form of caspase-3, an apoptotic marker. In conclusion, PQ induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Thus, our study improves our knowledge of PQ-induced toxicity, and may give us a greater understanding of how PQ affects the immune system.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.46-49
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The forehead flap is the workhorse in nasal reconstruction, which provides a similar skin color, texture, structure, and reliability. There are some disadvantages, including donor site morbidities, 2- or 3-stage operations, and postoperative management after initial flap transfer. Furthermore, there has been little attention to the exposed raw surface wound, after the first stage of an operation. This article describes the authors' modification to overcome this problem, using artificial collagen membrane. Methods: An Artificial collagen membrane is composed of an outer silicone membrane and an inner collagen layer. After a forehead flap elevation, the expected raw surface was covered by an artificial collagen membrane with 5-0 nylon suture. A simple dressing, which had been applied to the site, was changed every 2 or 3 days in an outpatient unit. At 3 weeks postprocedure, a second stage operation was performed. Results: With biosynthetic protection of the raw surface, there were no wound problems, such as infection or flap loss. Thus, the patient was satisfied due to an effortless management of the wound and a reduction in pain. Conclusion: The application of an artificial collagen membrane to the raw under-surface of the flap could be a comfortable and a protective choice for this procedure.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.142-152
• /
• 2022

The present study was aimed at examining the antibacterial effects of nonthermal decontamination processes, which are equivalent to thermal treatment, to ensure microbiological safety of raw ground chicken. Escherichia coli or Salmonella were inoculated into 25 g of raw ground chicken samples. The raw ground chicken samples were non-treated or treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 500 MPa (1-7 min), light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation at 405 nm wavelength (30-120 min), and heat at 70℃, 90℃ (1-60 min), and 121℃ (1-15 min). E. coli and Salmonella cell counts were enumerated after treatments. Moreover, the color parameters of treated raw ground chicken were analyzed. HHP treatment reduced E. coli and Salmonella cell counts by more than 5 Log CFU/g and more than 6 Log CFU/g after 7 min and 1 min, respectively; these effects were equivalent to those of thermal treatment. However, LED irradiation reduced Salmonella cell counts by only 0.9 Log CFU/g after 90 min of treatment, and it did not reduce E. coli cell counts for 90 min. Compared with those of the non-treated samples, the ΔE (total color difference) values of the samples treated with HHP were high, whereas the ΔE values of the samples treated with LED irradiation were low (1.93-2.98). These results indicate that despite color change by HHP treatment, HHP treatment at 500 MPa could be used as a non-thermal decontamination process equivalent to thermal treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.166-171
• /
• 2016

Size reduction is one of the major pre-processing operations in using biomass as a source of energy or raw materials for forest products industry. The grinding characteristics of dried yellow poplar wood chips were investigated using laboratory knife mill with three different screen aperture diameters to provide the basic information for the optimizing of size reduction processes in biomass industry. Average specific energy consumptions were 0.157, 0.137, and 0.093 Wh/g for the screen aperture diameters of 5.0, 7.5, and 9.0 mm, respectively. According to the results of size distribution analysis of ground particles, the sizes of the most of ground particles were much smaller than the aperture diameters of the screens installed on knife mill used in this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.59 no.4
• /
• pp.463-469
• /
• 2014

Sorghum has been consumed as one of the important staple food in the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia. Sorghum is rich in starch, protein, essential vitamins and minerals and grows relatively well in dry climate regions when it compared with other staple food crops. Sorghum has taken an increased interest due to several studies that report about the beneficial effects of sorghum on human health. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative and activity of extract of milling by-products (hull and bran) of Korean sorghum cultivar, 'Hwanggeaumchal' as well as its grain. Hull extract showed the highest total polyphenol contents ($29.7{\pm}0.2mg\;GAE/100g$) and major four pigments content ($322.6{\pm}14.5mg/100g$). From results of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, hull extract ($IC_{50}$, $6.3{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) was also showed the strongest antioxidative effects. Bran and grain showed similar polyphenol, pigments contents and antioxidative effects. We determined cell viability by MTT assay and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity by measuring nitric oxide (NO) of hull, bran and grain methanol extract (0.5% HCl v/v) on RAW 264.7 cells. Hull extract treatment was significantly decreased NO production with dose-dependant manner. Apigeninidin as one of the major pigment of hull was showed inhibitory activity against NO production without cytotoxicitiy. Therefore, sorghum milling by-products can be used as a good source of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.28 no.12
• /
• pp.1265-1273
• /
• 2006

The environmental capacity and watershed pollution load reduction of Yongdam reservoir were estimated by the simulation of water quality variation process with the target water quality establishment, pollution load estimation and flow analysis. The potable raw water $I{\sim}II$, COD $1.0{\sim}3.0$ mg/L and TP $0.01{\sim}0.03$ mg/L were selected as the target water quality Yongdam reservoir water quality model was constructed with WASP5 contained 42 segments and the correlation of calibrated results were BOD 0.73, $PO_4-P$ 0.98. The environmental capacity for target quality COD 2.0 mg/L and TP 0.02 mg/L were BOD $131,880{\sim}4,694$ kg/d, TP $7,855 {\sim}167$ kg/d which were less than exists, and the related reduction ratios were BOD $51{\sim}62%$, TP $47{\sim}67%$ which were middle amount in exists. The load reduction ratios to meet the potable raw water $I{\sim}II$ were BOD $72{\sim}16%$, TP $78{\sim}36%$ in existing conditions and BOD $81{\sim}44%$, TP $84{\sim}52%$ in new conditions. BOD was the least one and TP was the second least in 4 results. The effects of the load reduction assignment to subbasin were dominant in TP but little in COD.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• no.12
• /
• pp.21-36
• /
• 1970

This studies have been carried out to 3nd various causes of cleanness defects on raw silk which has been increased since 1967 in Korea, so that this treatise may be a guide inform action to improve such a defect in future. The cocoon treatment for the proposed work was carried starting with in worst condition to find the critical limit of degrading through such a work. And various analysis have been also worked out using the annual silk testing data past a few years. The results obtained are as follows. 1. There was a great relationship between cleanness and neatness result. 2. Cleanness result is greatly influenced by mounting conditions and handling of cocoons, which brought 40 percent lower as cleanness result than standard ones in which caused minor defects, especially loops and split ends, so the bad mounting conditions and handling of fresh cocoons degraded raw silk from 4A grade to E. 3. The use of good water quality brought the difference of 1.04 percent in cleanness result rather than the use of bad one. 4. Well technical work brought the difference of 0.86 percent in cleanness result rather than poor technical work. 5, Satisfactory cocoon drying installation brought the difference of 1.97 percent in cleanness result rather than insufficient one. 6. Automatic reeling machine marked lower 1,55 percent in cleanness result than multi-end reeling machine. 7. The degrading of cleanness result from 1965 year silk to 1969 year silk marked 1.99 percent, which almost responds to the degrading rate from good to poor cocoon drying installed cleanness results. In view of this result, nowadays, insufficient cocoon drying installation may be main factor to be worse cleanness result of Korean raw silk. 8. The factors of cleanness defect in raw silk once supplied with cocoon into factory are water quality, technique evaluation, cocoon drying capacity and s： reeling machine. The relationship between cleanness result and above factors are as follows. cleanness result＝neatness result＋1.6－1.04(1－a)－1.97(1－b)－0.86(1-c)＋1.55${\times}$d a： The successive we ratio of water quality (0\longrightarrowl) b： The successive ratio of satisfactory cocoon drying installation (0\longrightarrowl) c： The successive ratio of well technical work (0\longrightarrowl) d： 1 in case multi-end reeling machine o in case automatic reeling machine 9, It is not admitted that there is heavy relationship between cleanness occurrence and nonbreaking reel ability. That mal$.$ be sowed with silk reeling technique. 10. The bad mounting conditions caused the worse result on the cocoon quality as much as cleanness. 11. Besides mounting conditions, there may be another factors affecting on the low reel ability of cocoons in Korea.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2003

To investigate the effect of cooking methods on protein quality of domestic fresh monkfish meat (FMM) and imported frozen monkfish meat (IMM), in vitro protein qualities were determined by amino acid anlysis, trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS) formation, and protein digestibility using the four-enzyme method. Crude protein contents of the boiled FMM and IMM were $90\%$ of the dry base, which were higher than fresh FMM $(82\%)$ and IMM $(84\%)$. Profiles of total amino acid in FMM and IMM were not changed by cooking methods. Total free amino acid contents decreased to $ 29.0-33.6\%$ for boiled $(l00^{\circ}C,\;10 min)\;and\;24\%$ for steamed $(100^{\circ}C,\;10\;min)$ samples. In vitro protein digestibilities of boiled and steamed FMM incnased $86.6-86.8\%$, compared to raw IMM $(82.9\%)$, boiled and steamed IMM $85.1-85.5\%$ and raw IMM $(83.6\%)$. TIS of FMM (23.6 mg/g solid) and IMM (15.9 mg/g solid) showed no significant (p<0.05) difference in cooking methods. The C-PERs (computed protein efficiency ratio) of boiled FMM (2.63) and IMM (2.50) were significantly higher (<0.05) than raw (1.97) and steamed FMM(1.97) and IMM(1.94). These results demonstrate that boiling of FMM and IMM improves protein digestibility and C-PER when compared to steamed FMM and IMM. Therefore, boiling could be an excellent means to maintain high-protein quality of monkfish meat. Also, the cooking method may be applicable to the preparation of monkfish stew without any loss of free amino acids.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.353-356
• /
• 2005

It has been recently reported that boron affects bone metabolism in humans and animals. In this study we examined whether boron affects the proliferation on various cell types, MG-63, HOS, Raw 264.7 and SK-N-SH. When treated with different concentrations of boron $(1,\;10,\;100{\mu}M)$ for 24 and 48 hr, the proliferation of MG-63 cells was enhanced at $10{\mu}M\;(p<0.05)$, for 24 hr. In HOS cells, boron had no effect on cell proliferation at 24 or 48 hr. In addition, treatment of pre-osteoclastic cells (Raw 264.7) with 1, 10, $100{\mu}M$ boron resulted in no effect on cell proliferation. Proliferation of neuronal cells (SK-N-SH) was enhanced by boron in a concentration dependent manner at low concentrations (0.1, 0.5, $1{\mu}M$). Besides proliferation activity, boron has an effect on the enhancement of NO production in SK-N-SH cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These studies showed that boron enhances proliferation of osteoblastic cells (especially MG-63), depending upon the concentration of boron. These results also provide further evidence of the positive effects of boron in neuronal disease.