• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.275-301
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• 2012

This study analyzes the regional disparity in India between 24 states over the period 1980 to 2009. The traditional regressive and spatial autoregressive models are used that includes measures of spatial effects. The results provide no evidence that convergence is valid in India. However, the results indicate that spatial interaction is an important element of state growth in India. The result of spatial analysis excluded two outliner states reveals more strong relationship between the weighted spatial income level and the state growth rates. Moreover, the results find that the coefficients of spatial lag of initial per capital and error terms are significantly negative. The coefficient of variation measures that the distribution of state income level has diverged over time. Therefore, this study concludes that the growth of regional state income does not have a tendency to converge rater than diverge. The results is rational because as the Indian economy is growing rapidly, some states grow faster than the others while initial poor states become the poorest ones, which increases regional disparity in India.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to test a validity and reliability of Cognitive Performance Scale(CPS), a cognitive measure generated from 5 items(comatose status, decision making, short-term memory, making self understood, and eating). Method: 393 patients in 2 hospitals for the elderly with dementia were measured with CPS by two nurses independently. The inter-rater agreement was tested by comparing two scores. The CPS score was compared with GDS, which was measured by doctors and nurses, and MMSE score which was drawn from the claim data of Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Result: The correlation coefficient between CPS and GDS was 0.742(p<0.0001), CPS and MMSE was -0.794(p<0.0001). The Cronbach's coefficient alpha of CPS was 0.742, Kappa value was 0.772~1.000. The CPS showed high validity and reliability in long term care hospitals of Korea.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.255-266
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of Pattern Identifications Tool for Cognitive Disorders (PIT-C) and verify the correlation with other related scales. Methods: The study in this protocol is a single group, prospective, observational one. The subjects of the study were men and women between the ages of 45 and 85, diagnosed with neurocognitive disorders by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (fifth Edition) criteria (n=60, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)=0.5, Korean Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment $(MoCA-K){\leq}22$). The reliability of PIT-C was evaluated as test-retest and inter-rater reliability. And correlation between PIT-C and other related scales was also assessed. Results: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University and registered in the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), and was made public in advance to ensure transparency of the research process and conduct ethical clinical trials. Conclusions: The results of this study can be used to classify neurocognitive disorders as Korean medicine and PIT-C will be helpful tool for primary health care.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.246-255
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was to conduct a Korean cultural adaptation of the WHO disability assessment schedule (WHODAS) 2.0: 36-item version. Methods: An internationally standardized process of translation and cultural adaptation of an instrument was used to develop a Korean version of WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version. Linking each item into the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was also conducted in order to ensure the concepts in the translated instrument were compatible with ICF. All translated versions of the instrument, linking results and feedback from participants were used for the final adaptation of the Korean version of the instrument. The Korean version of the instrument was assessed twice on different occasions to examine Inter- and intra-rater reliability, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results: Twelve participants were involved in the translation and linking process. Ninety-five volunteers were invited to participate to examine the reliability of the instrument. Fifty participants completed the self-rated version of the instrument and 45 finished the interviewer version. The Korean WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version was found to have excellent reliability: self-rated version and interviewer version reliability coefficients were ICC=0.92 and ICC=0.94, respectively. Thirty-four items of the translated instrument were to be linked to ICF categories. Some adaptation was made; details and a familiar example were added to help respondents answer the questions. Conclusion: The study results show that the adaptation of the 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 to Korean was successful and the instrument is ready for use in testing its psychometric properties.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.419-427
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the esthetic preference for various Korean silhouette profiles. Methods: The Korean average male and female profiles were modified by changing the lower facial height and anteroposterior lip position to produce nine types of profiles. In order to test intrarater reliability, the average profile was copied once more to be included for evaluation. A questionnaire containing 10 profiles for each sex, each of which had to be rated for preference on a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, was administered to 30 adult orthodontic patients, 30 dental students, 30 orthodontists, and 30 dentists excluding orthodontists. The data were statistically analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The ICC of overall intrarater reliability was 0.629. For several profiles, significantly higher scores were given to male profiles than to female profiles (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the scores for all profiles among the four rater groups. Among the short profiles, a significantly higher score was given to the retruded profile, and among the vertically average and long profiles, a significantly higher score was given to the horizontally average profile (p < 0.001). Among all the profiles, significantly lower scores were given to the protruded profile (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study revealed good overall intrarater reliability, with several types of male profiles being esthetically preferred over female profiles. Moreover, while retruded and horizontally average profiles were generally preferred, protruded profiles were not.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study is to prove the reliability and validity of the Power breath K5 and to compare it with pony FX. Power breathe K5 is one type of device can assess automatically Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), Peak inspiratory pressure, Peak inspiratory flow (PIF). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty-five COPD patients participated in the test to investigate for the intra relater reliability and concurrent validity. The tests MIP, Vital capacity (VC), PIF were measured by Powerbreathe K5 and Pony Fx. Data was analyzed by intraclass correlation reliability (ICC) value and a standard error of measurement and Bland-Altman plots for reliability and pearson correlation for validity. Results: Intra rater reliability of the Powerbreathe K5 was very high at MIP (ICC=0.977 95%CI 0.956~0.989, SEM=8.665, MDC=0.295), PIF (ICC=0.966 95%CI 0.933~0.93, SEM=8.665, MDC=0.295), VC (ICC=0.949 95CI 0.902~0.974, SEM=0.042, MDC=0.116). The Powerbreath K5 was significant correlation compared with Pony Fx in assessment for MIP (r=0.971, p<0.05) and vital capacity (r=0.534, p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, We investigated the clinical usefulness of the Powerbreath K5 in evaulating the MIP, VC and PIF with COPD patients with high reliability and validity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2021

Purpose: Digital communication is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice and research. The finding that stool consistency can be evaluated similarly using either "in vivo" or photographic material by health care professionals will decrease subjective interpretation by parents. The primary outcome of this study was the reliability of stool consistency scoring using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) between fresh stools and their photos; the secondary outcome was the inter-rater reliability based on the fresh stools. Methods: Fresh stool samples from healthy children were collected in a day care center. These stools, and one month later the corresponding photos presented in a random order, were presented to 14 observers. Reliabilities were analyzed using absolute agreements and weighted and unweighted Cohen's κ. Results: In total, 202 samples were rated 576 times. Absolute agreement between photographic and real time assessment ranged between 71.1% and 83.3% among observers. This corresponded with substantial agreement (unweighted κ=0.70 [95% CI, 0.61-0.78]; weighted κ=0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.88]). The inter-observer agreement showed similar percentages of absolute agreement (81.4-82.0%) and κ-values corresponding with fair-to-moderate agreement. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the assessment of fresh stool consistency can also reliably be done on photographic material when using the BITSS. This opens opportunities in scientific surroundings and in our daily life communication with parents and caretakers.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.271-275
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• 2022

We tested the difference and the relationship in instructional ratings by professors and college students. Subjects were 6 professors and 9 college students participated in teaching competition as a rater. They completed instructional rating forms consisted of 10 criteria for 11 participants according to Lickert Scale. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and Pearson correlation. Results were as follows: ① There was no statistical difference in mean scores between the professor and the student; ② Correlation between professors' and students' evaluations was .78 which is statistically meaningful and high. These results support the notion that students evaluate as reliably as professors. They also imply that pre-service college students can be utilized for teaching practice as meaningful peer evaluators. The findings are meaningful in that instructional ratings of instructors and students were compared in a controlled setting. However, replication studies involving wide range of instructors and students are needed for generalization since the subjects in this study were restricted to pre-service teachers and their instructors.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2022

Background: Virtual reality (VR) programs based on motion capture camera are the most convenient and cost-effective approaches for remote rehabilitation. Assessment of physical function is critical for providing optimal VR rehabilitation training; however, direct muscle strength measurement using camera-based kinematic data is impracticable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to indirectly estimate the muscle strength of users from the value obtained using a motion capture camera. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pedaling speed converted using the VR engine from the captured foot position data in the VR environment can be used as an indirect way to evaluate knee muscle strength, and to investigate the validity and reliability of a camera-based VR program. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were included in this study. Each subject performed a 15-second maximum pedaling test in the VR and built-in speedometer modes. In the VR speedometer mode, a motion capture camera was used to detect the position of the ankle joints and automatically calculate the pedaling speed. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess the isometric and isokinetic peak torques of knee flexion and extension. Results: The pedaling speeds in VR and built-in speedometer modes revealed a significantly high positive correlation (r = 0.922). In addition, the intra-rater reliability of the pedaling speed in the VR speedometer mode was good (ICC [intraclass correlation coefficient] = 0.685). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant moderate positive correlation between the pedaling speed of the VR speedometer and the peak torque of knee isokinetic flexion (r = 0.639) and extension (r = 0.598). Conclusion: This study suggests the potential benefits of measuring the maximum pedaling speed using 3D depth camera in a VR environment as an indirect assessment of muscle strength. However, technological improvements must be followed to obtain more accurate estimation of muscle strength from the VR cycling test.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2023

Objective: The study examined the validity and reliability of tele-assessment of cervical range of motion (ROM) through video conferencing. Design: A cross-sectional study Methods: The study included 22 healthy adults as subjects and 10 physical therapists as evaluators. The subjects underwent both face-to-face and tele-assessment of cervical ROM. The CROM (Cervical Range of Motion) device was used for reference measurements in the face-to-face assessment. The evaluators assessed the subjects' ROM through visual inspection (VI) and using a Universal Goniometer (UG) in the tele-assessment. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between the face-to-face and tele-assessment measurements for all ROM contents. The correlation coefficients ranged from r=0.54 to 0.71 (p<0.05), indicating concurrent validity. In terms of inter-rater reliability, the ICC values for both VI and UG assessments in the tele-assessment were high, with ICCs of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Additionally, the study investigated the usability of the tele-assessment method and environment. The satisfaction of the participants and evaluators was assessed using the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ), which evaluates perceptions, usability, and satisfaction with telehealth services. Conclusions: In conclusion, tele-assessment of cervical range of motion using video conferencing was valid and reliable. Also, investigated participant and evaluator satisfaction and opinions, providing insights into the clinical value of tele-assessment. It is important to note that the study was conducted only healthy adults, and further research may be needed to validate the tele-assessment method in populations with cervical dysfunction or neck pain. These findings support the potential effectiveness of telerehabilitation services in assessing and managing musculoskeletal disorders.