• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

Purpose : Several studies have suggested that hyperlipidemia might be a causative factor contributing to the progression of initial glomerular injury through the development of glomerulosclerosis. We examined the potential beneficial effect of atorvastatin - which blocks the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase - in PAN-induced nephrosis. Materials and Methods : Glomerulosclerosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley male rats by repeated administration of PAN. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups : group I(control), group II(PAN 20 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection), group III(PAN 20 mg/kg subcutaneous injection and atorvastatin 50 mg/kg/day per oral). On the 11th week, upon sacrifice of the experimental animals, blood sampling, 24-hr urine collection and nephrectomy were performed. Results : Group III had significantly lower BUN and higher serum albumin($30.9{\pm}17.2\;vs.\;17.3{\pm}2.5\;mg/dL;\;2.3{\pm}0.1\;vs.\;2.5{\pm}0.2\;g/dL$, P<0.05) compared with group II. In the lipid profiles, group III was associated with a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL($291{\pm}173\;vs.\;167{\pm}72\;mg/dL:\;57{\pm}53\;vs.\;27{\pm}12\;mg/dL$, P>0.05) compared with group II. Atorvastatin administration lowered the glomerular sclerosing index significantly(26.2% vs. 13.3%, P<0.05). Conclusion : Puromycin-induced glomerulosclerosis could be ameliorated by the reduction of hyperlipidemia with atorvastatin. This suggests that hyperlipidemia contributes to the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

Changes in food preferences and dietary habits of Korean prone to decrease consumption of the traditional energy source, rice. The exceeding condition of rice production in Korea is now not only impacting on the profit structure of farmers but also threatening food security. Although there have been several efforts to increase rice consumption rate, by developing various processed foods using rice flour, grain hardness of rice has been the most significant limiting factor. In this study, we addressed the suitability of the Namil(SA)-flo1, a mutant rice line has floury endosperm, in terms of producing rice flour by using dry-milling method, which is lower cost and more eco-friendly than other available methods such as wet-milling. Rice flour of the Namil(SA)-flo1 exhibited superior physico-chemical characteristics to any other check varieties including the wild type, Namil, in terms of distribution of granule sizes and content of damaged starch.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.719-726
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• 2006

Bovine whey protein are rich in cysteine, which is the rate limiting amino acid for synthesis of antioxidant glutathione(GSH). Some strains of Lactobacillus caseihas been reported to contain high level of GSH in cell extracts. The objective ofthis study was to determine whether enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein isolate(WPI) and cell extract of Lb. casei HY2782 could increase intracellular GSH concentrations and protect against oxidant induced cell death in human prostate epithelial cell line (designated as RWPE1, and PC3MMM2 cells). Treatment of RWPE1 cellsandPC3MMM2 cells with hydrolyzed WPI (500g/ml) significantly increased GSH by28.2% and38.4% respectively. Compared with control cells receiving no hydrolyzed WPI(P<0.05). hydrolyzed WPI and Lb casei HY2782 cell extracts significantly protected RWPE1 and PC3MMM2 cellsfrom oxidant induced cell death compared with controls receiving no WPI. DNA damage associated with oxidant treatment was demonstrated by single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.598-605
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• 2020

Padina gymnospora is a brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. It has been established that P. gymnospora ameliorates amyloid-β-induced neuropathology and has an anticoagulation effect, but this study was designed to estimate its skin-whitening effect and identify its active component. The ingredients of P. gymnospora were extracted with ethanol and its activity was compared with arbutin. First, the P. gymnospora extract was observed to inhibit tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, tyrosinase being the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin synthesis. Notably, where 200 μM of arbutin inhibited tyrosinase activity by 58.1%, P. gymnospora extract (0.5%) achieved 76.7%. The P. gymnospora extract also significantly reduced α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced TRP-1 and TRP-2 mRNA expression. In addition, it significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. We identified the 0.66% fucosterol content that inhibited melanin synthesis as comparable to that of arbutin. Additionally, we tested the potential cytotoxicity of P. gymnospora by MTT and LDH release assay and found that the extract significantly reduced LDH release in CCD-986sk cells. These results indicate that P. gymnospora extract could be a potential active ingredient of cosmetics with a skin-whitening effect.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.355-369
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• 2013

Economic feasibility is one of the most important factors in energy production from regenerative biomass. From the aspect, biogas from anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge is regarded as the most economical because of its cheap substrate and additional income from the disposal of waste sludge. Sludge hydrolysis has been regarded as the rate limiting step of anaerobic digestion and many sludge pre-treatment technologies have been developed to accelerate anaerobic sludge digestion for enhanced biogas production. Various sludge pre-treatment technologies including biological, thermo hydrolysis, ultrasonic, and mechanical methods have been applied to full-scale systems. Sludge pre-treatment increased the efficiency of anaerobic digestion by enhancing hydrolysis, reducing residual soilds, and increasing biogas production. This paper introduces the characteristics of various sludge pre-treatment technologies and the energy balance and economic feasibility of each technology were compared to prepare a guideline for the selection of feasible pre-treatment technology. It was estimated that thermophilic digestion and thermal hydrolysis were most economical technology followed by Cell rupture$^{TM}$, OpenCEL$^{TM}$, MicroSludge$^{TM}$, and ultrasound. The cost for waste sludge disposal shares the biggest portion in the economic analysis, therefore, water content of the waste sludge was the most important factor to be controlled.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2015

Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the final step of glycolysis, is known to be associated with the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells, and considered an important cancer therapeutic target. Herein, we report a novel PKM2 activator, PA-12, which was identified via the molecular docking-based virtual screening. We demonstrate that PA-12 stimulates the pyruvate kinase activity of recombinant PKM2 in vitro, with a half-maximal activity concentration of $4.92{\mu}M$, and effectively suppresses both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of lung cancer cells in non-essential amino acid-depleted medium. In addition, PA-12 blocked the nuclear translocalization of PKM2 in lung cancer cells, resulting in the inhibition of hypoxia response element (HRE)-mediated reporter activity as well as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) target gene expression, eventually leading to the suppression of cell viability under hypoxia. We also verified that the effects of PA-12 were dependent on PKM2 expression in cancer cells, demonstrating the specificity of PA-12 for PKM2 protein. Taken together, our data suggest that PA-12 is a novel and potent PKM2 activator that has therapeutic implications for lung cancer.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 2016

Nowadays various methods for energy saving have been studied in IP networks. This paper suggests a 2-phase OSPF routing method for energy saving on IP networks having various energy profiles and analyzes its characteristics. The phase-1 of the routing is an OSPF routing method considering the energy cost of devices besides existing metrics to minimize energy consumption. In the phase-2 of the routing, it makes core nodes go into sleep sate for energy saving and reroutes the paths affected by sleeping core nodes. At this time, we confirm that the characteristics of mean delay and energy efficiency can be satisfied by limiting an allowable hop number in the reroute paths, and utilization rate of nodes and links for assuring energy saving and network-level QoS. Since the efficiency of energy saving and delay characteristics differ according to selection methods of core nodes to go into sleep state, it is that the a method of core node selection based on MP(minimum_path) is more excellent than others in terms of network-level QoS and energy saving in IP networks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1988

Panax ginseng seedlings were grown at various temperature regimes from 15 to $30^{\circ}C$ for 19 days under dark and the linear relationship between various regrowth efficiencies and thermal stress indices, cumulative superoptimum temperatures corrected with factors. Gross growth efficiency(shoot weight l root weight loss) was 37.5 % at the optimum temperature $15^{\circ}C$/$15^{\circ}C$, and 12.3% at the highest temperature, $30^{\circ}C$/$30^{\circ}C$ while net growth efficiency (shoot weight + Sm)l(root loss-Rm), which corrected by maintenance respiration for shoot(Sm) and root(Rm) was 39.6% and 16.7 at optimum and highest temperature respectively. All growth efficiencies showed negative correlations (p = 0.001) with all thermal stress indices and negative(p = 0.001) with shoot growth(St). When growth temperature difference in a day was nil or above $15^{\circ}C$ growth efficiency decreased greatly. Thermal stress indices showed negative correlation with root dry matter loss(RDL) but positive with Rm. St showed positive correlation with RDL. Thermal stress appeared to inhibit substrate supply for shoot growth resulting in the extremely low growth efficiency comparing with other crops that seems to be main rate limiting factor of slow growth, Thus it is necessary that growth efficiency and thermal stress must be elucidated in terms of metabolic pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.166-174
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• 1966

The multistep mechanism of photosensitized curing reaction cinnamoylated photosensitive polymer is proposed from the energy level diagram of cinnamic acid and sensitizer, and from the fact that excess of sensitizer brings the sensitivity to a limiting value etc. Various factors which have effects on the ability of sensitizer are also discussed. The mechanism involves following steps: activation to the first excited singlet states of cinnamoyl group(C) and sensitizer(S) by their absorption of photon, their intersystem crossing to the lowest triplet state, bimolecular internal quenching by formation of excimer of sensitizer, triplet excitation energy transfer and intermolecular addition between cinnamoyl group in ground state and that in triplet state. The rate equation derived from this mechanism is $-\frac{d[C]}{dt} = \frac{K_1[C]}{K_2 + [C]}[\frac{I^c_{abs}}{K_3 + [S]} + \frac{K_4[C]}{(K_5 + [C])(K_6 + [S])}(I^s_{abs} + \frac{K_7I^c_{abs}[S]}{K_8 + [S]})]$ where $I^c_{abs}\;and\;I^s_{abs}$: the rates of absorption of photon by cinnamoyl group and sensitizer $K_n$: Constants. It is proved with the cinnamate of poly(glyceryl phthalate)(PGC) in the absence of sensitizer using the infrared analytical method and successfully applied for the experimental data reported on the effects of the degree of cinnamoyl esterification and the concentration of sensitizer upon the sensitivity.