• 천문학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.189-212
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• 2003

I review the current status of understanding when, how long, and how giant elliptical galaxies formed, focusing on the globular clusters. Several observational evidences show that massive elliptical galaxies formed at z > 2 (> 10 Gyr ago). Giant elliptical galaxies show mostly a bimodal color distribution of globular clusters, indicating a factor of $\approx$ 20 metallicity difference between the two peaks. The red globular clusters (RGCs) are closely related with the stellar halo in color and spatial distribution, while the blue globular clusters (BGCs) are not. The ratio of the number of the RGCs and that of the BGCs varies depending on galaxies. It is concluded that the BGCs might have formed 12-13 Gyr ago, while the RGCs and giant elliptical galaxies might have formed similarly 10-11 Gyr ago. It remains now to explain the existence of a gap between the RGC formation epoch and the BGC formation epoch, and the rapid metallicity increase during the gap (${\Delta}t{\approx}$ 2 Gyr). If hierarchical merging can form a significant number of giant elliptical galaxies > 10 Gyr ago, several observational constraints from stars and globular clusters in elliptical galaxies can be explained.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2013

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA)-optical receiver (Rx) using two intersecting active feedback system with regulated-cascode (RGC) input stage has been designed and implemented for optical interconnects. The optical TIA-Rx chip is designed in a 0.13 ${\mu}m$ CMOS technology and works up to 10 Gbps data rate. The TIA-Rx chip core occupies an area of 0.051 $mm^2$ with power consumption of 16.9 mW at 1.3 V. The measured input-referred noise of optical TIA-Rx is 20 pA/${\surd}$Hz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 6.9 GHz. The proposed TIA-Rx achieved a high gain-bandwidth product per DC power figure of merit of 408 $GHz{\Omega}/mW$.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.212-217
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• 2007

As a preliminary study for the development of electrical stimulation strategy of artificial retina, we set up a method fur the reconstruction of input intensity variation from retinal ganglion cell(RGC) responses. In order to estimate light intensity variation, we used an optimal linear filter trained from given stimulus intensity variation and multiple single unit spike trains from RGCs. By applying ON/OFF stimulation(ON duration: 2 sec, OFF duration: 5 sec) repetitively, we identified three functional types of ganglion cells according to when they respond to the ON/OFF stimulus actively: ON cell, OFF cell, and ON-OFF cell. Experiments were also performed using a Gaussian random stimulus and a binary random stimulus. The input intensity was updated once every 90 msec(i. e. 11 Hz) to present the stimulus. The result of reconstructing 11 Hz Gaussian and binary random stimulus was not satisfactory and showed low correlation between the original and reconstructed stimulus. In the case of ON/OFF stimulus in which temporal variation is slow, successful reconstruction was achieved and the correlation coefficient was as high as 0.8.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2009

For the reliable transmission of meaningful visual information using prosthetic electrical stimulation, it is required to develop an effective stimulation strategy for the generation of electrical pulse trains based on input visual information. The characteristics of neuronal activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) evoked by electrical stimulation should be understood for this purpose. In this study, for the development of an optimal stimulation strategy for visual prosthesis, we analyzed the neuronal responses of RGCs in rd1 mouse, photoreceptor-degenerated retina of animal model of retinal diseases (retinitis pigmentosa). Based on the in-vitro model of epiretinal prosthesis which consists of planar multielectrode array (MEA) and retinal patch, we recorded and analyzed multiunit RGC activities evoked by amplitude-modulated electrical pulse trains. Two modes of responses were observed. Short-latency responses occurring at 3 ms after the stimulation were estimated to be from direct stimulation of RGCs. Long-latency responses were also observed mainly at 2 - 100 ms after stimulation and showed rhythmic firing with same frequency as the oscillatory background field potential. The long-latency responses could be modulated by pulse amplitude and duration. From the results, we expect that optimal stimulation conditions such as pulse amplitude and pulse duration can be determined for the successful transmission of visual information by electrical stimulation.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2005

Yin Yang theory is the first and the last one to interpret diseases apply to treatment in oriental medicine. So it is regarded as the way of heaven and earth, the discipline of all things, the origin of change, the beginning of giving birth and death, the source of spirit. These regulatory passages are needed to compare with western medical physiology and analyzed whether it has scientific bases or not. The Yin Yang theory of traditional oriental medicine are summerized from the descriptions of Scripture of Documents, Ying Wei theory of Huangdi Neijing. Meanwhile up-to-date neurobiological and molecular genetic theories on circadian physiology are reviewed in western medicine. Sunshine is transferred through RGC to SCN, herein the central circadian rhythm is made by zeitgeber and interaction of melatonin secreted from pineal body and orexin from mp pan of hypothalamus. So HPA axis is activated and controlled under the circadian rhythm and affects peripheral tissues and cells of whole body through glucocorticoid hormones. First of all, the circadian rhythm makes the basic patterns of human life in biological and sociological meaning. It is almost same context with the record of the Scripture of Documents. Also the Ying Qi and Wei Qi is basically same with the sleep-awake mechanism, that is melatonin/orexin signal or per/clk/bmal/cry genes with circadian activation and activity of each organ's physiological function. Conclusively it can be said that Yin Yang is a priori principle of living things and the beginning of giving birth and death for activation of them biologically, as is described in Huangdi Neijing.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.547-567
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• 2015

The paper makes the experimental and finite-element-analysis investigation on the seismic behavior of the rebar-penetrated joint between gangue concrete filled steel tubular column and reinforced gangue concrete beam under low cyclic reversed loading. Two specimens are designed and conducted for the experiment to study the seismic behavior of the rebar-penetrated joint under cyclic loading. Then, finite element analysis models of the rebar-penetrated joint are developed using ABAQUS 6.10 to serve as the complement of the experiment and further analyze the seismic behavior of the rebar-penetrated joint. Finite element analysis models are also verified by the experimental results. Finally, the hysteretic performance, the bearing capacity, the strength degradation, the rigidity degradation, the ductility and the energy dissipation of the rebar-penetrated joint are evaluated in detail to investigate the seismic behavior of the rebar-penetrated joint through experimental results and finite element analysis results. The research demonstrates that the rebar-penetrated joint between gangue concrete filled steel tubular column and reinforced gangue concrete beam, with full and spindle-shaped load-displacement hysteretic curves, shows generally the high ductility and the outstanding energy-dissipation capacity. As a result, the rebar-penetrated joint exhibits the excellent seismic performance and meets the earthquake-resistant requirements of the codes in China. The research provides some references and suggestions for the application of the rebar-penetrated joint in the projects.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.245-245
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• 2023

This paper examines the extent to which the Mekong River Basin countries have achieved socioeconomic benefits based on regional cooperation through the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Program, focusing on hydropower development and the Mekong Power Grid. This study pays attention to the time period from 2012 to 2022. The benefit sharing approach is employed to evaluate the extent to which hydropower development and the Mekong Power Grid have contributed to the regional energy trade in the GMS program. The GMS program was launched by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1992, and the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam have taken an active part in the program. The goals of the GMS program are to achieve poverty alleviation, economic development, and regional cooperation in various sectors, including energy, tourism, and transportation. The GMS Economic Cooperation Program Strategic Framework 2030 (GMS-2030), in 2021, provides a new framework for prosperous and sustainable development in the river basin. In the energy sector, the GMS program has been instrumental in facilitating hydropower development and creating the Mekong Power Grid with the Regional Grid Code (RGC), contributing to economic benefits and promoting regional trade of hydroelectricity. It is argued that the GMS program has enhanced regional cooperation between the riparian countries. Despite such achievements, the GMS program has faced challenges, including the gap of economic development between the riparian countries, socioeconomic and environmental concerns regarding hydropower development between the Upper and Lower Mekong countries, and geopolitical tensions from the US-China rivalry. These challenges should adequately be addressed within the program, which can guarantee the sustainability of the program for the river basin.

• 천문학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2017

We present a BV I optical photometric study of the old open cluster Ruprecht 6 using the data obtained with the SMARTS 1.0 m telescope at the CTIO, Chile. Its color-magnitude diagrams show the clear existence of the main-sequence stars, whose turn-off point is located around $V{\approx}18.45mag$ and $B-V{\approx}0.85mag$. Three red clump (RC) stars are identified at V = 16.00 mag, I = 14.41 mag and B - V = 1.35 mag. From the mean $K_s-band$ magnitude of RC stars ($K_s=12.39{\pm}0.21mag$) in Ruprecht 6 from 2MASS photometry and the known absolute magnitudes of the RC stars ($M_{K_S}=-1.595{\pm}0.025mag$), we obtain the distance modulus to Ruprecht 6 of $(m-M)_0=13.84{\pm}0.21mag$ ($d=5.86{\pm}0.60kpc$). From the ($J-K_s$) and (B - V ) colors of the RC stars, comparison of the (B - V ) and (V - I) colors of the bright stars in Ruprecht 6 with those of the intrinsic colors of dwarf and giant stars, and the PARSEC isochrone fittings, we derive the reddening values of E(B - V ) = 0.42 mag and E(V - I) = 0.60 mag. Using the PARSEC isochrone fittings onto the color-magnitude diagrams, we estimate the age and metallicity to be: $log(t)=9.50{\pm}0.10(t=3.16{\pm}0.82Gyr)$ and $[Fe/H]=-0.42{\pm}0.04dex$. We present the Galactocentric radial metallicity gradient analysis for old (age > 1 Gyr) open clusters of the Dias et al. catalog, which likely follow a single relation of $[Fe/H]=(-0.034{\pm}0.007)R_{GC}+(0.190{\pm}0.080)$ (rms = 0.201) for the whole radial range or a dual relation of $[Fe/H]=(-0.077{\pm}0.017)R_{GC}+(0.609{\pm}0.161)$ (rms = 0.152) and constant ([Fe/H] ~ -0.3 dex) value, inside and outside of RGC ~ 12 kpc, respectively. The metallicity and Galactocentric radius ($13.28{\pm}0.54kpc$) of Ruprecht 6 obtained in this study seem to be consistent with both of the relations.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

색소성망막염(retinitis pigmentosa: RP)이나 연령관련 황반변성(age-related macular degeneration: AMD)과 같은 망막질환으로 인해 실명한 환자를 위해 인공시각장치가 개발되고 있다. 인공시각장치의 동작원리는 전기자극을 주어 신경세포의 활동도를 조절하는 것이므로 시각정보를 제대로 인코딩하기 위해 최적의 전기자극을 인가하는 것은 인공시각장치의 실용화를 위해 매우 중요한 요소이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 전압자극의 크기와 자극시간을 변화시켜 가면서 정상망막과 변성망막에 인가한 후 자극에 의해 유발된 망막신경절세포 반응을 분석하고 역치전하밀도를 비교함으로써 최적의 전기자극 조건을 찾아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 정상마우스와 rd1 마우스의 망막을 in vitro 상태로 분리한 후 망막의 신경절세포층이 전극을 향하여 부착되도록 한 후 망막신호를 기록하였다. rd1 마우스에서 얻은 변성망막의 망막신경절세포에서도 전압펄스를 인가시 정상망막의 망막신경절세포처럼 전압자극의 크기와 자극시간 변조에 대하여 반응하였다. 그러나 정상망막과 변성망막에서 망막신경절세포 반응의 시간적 패턴은 매우 달랐다: 정상망막의 망막신경절세포 반응은 전기자극 후 약 100 ms 내에서 1개의 피크만 나타나는 반면, 변성망막에서는 이보다 긴 400 ms 구간에서 약 10 Hz의 진동리듬을 가진 다수의 피크(~4개)들이 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 변성망막에서 망막신경절세포의 반응을 유발하기 위한 역치 전하밀도가 정상망막에서 보다 크게 상승하였다: 자극세기를 변화시켰을 때 정상망막의 역치 전하밀도는 $37.23{\sim}61.65\;{\mu}C/cm^2$, rd1 마우스에서는 $70.50{\sim}99.87\;{\mu}C/cm^2$로 2배가량 높은 것을 확인하였다. 자극시간을 변화시켰을 때 정상망막의 역치 전하밀도는 $22.69{\sim}37.57\;{\mu}C/cm^2$, rd1 마우스에서는 $120.5{\sim}170.6\;{\mu}C/cm^2$로 5배가량 높은 것을 확인하였다.