• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.733-744
• /
• 2013

This study was launched in order to collect basic data such as emergent species, a succession trend based on the actual vegetation at the ridge from Haneoryoung to Daetjae, thereby designating 46 quadrats($10m{\times}10m:100m^2$). As a result of classification by TWINSPAN, the plant community was categorized into eight different communities, such as Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Q. mongolica-Deciduous Broad-leaved, Q. mongolica, Q. mongolica-Betula davurica, Q. mongolica-F. sieboldiana, and Larix kaempferi. An analyzation of each communities indicated that P. densiflora dominant community will change into a Q. mongolica dominant community if there are no outside artificial disturbances. U. davidiana var. japonica community maintains its present condition, because it doesn't appear to be a competitive species. In the case of Q. mongolica dominant community, if nothing comes in a competitive species against Q. monglica, it is possible to succeed to a muture stand. These communities with competitive species such as F. rhynchophylla, B. davurica that do not emerge at a canopy layer will gradually progress to the Deciduous Broad-leaved community. With regard to the species diversity index per unit ($400m^2$), succession processing communities (P. densiflora: 1.0477~1.1283) tend to be higher than succession-processed communities (Q. mongolica dominant: 0.6446~0.9424).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.46-56
• /
• 2000

Vegetation structure of $Hwangs\v{o}ng$ Park in $Ky\v{o}ugju$ was investigated to study ecological value and to suggest a desirable management proposal. To do this, twenty plots were set up and surveyed. The $Hwangs\v{o}ng$ Park forest was classified into five plant communities by the DCA technique, which were two types of Pinus densiflora communities, Quercus spp.-P. densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia and Q. mongolica community. In the diversity analysis, 29 woody species were observed, but species composition was simple. No. of average species is $5.4\pm2.9$ per a plot($100m^2$), and Pinus densiflora is a dominant species in DBH $27\sim47cm$ class. From the results of tree ring and growth analysis, it was found out that pinus densiflora community of $Hwangs\v{o}ng$ Park has a historical and ecological value, but recently the growth rate was decreasing. The management proposal was suggested upon to the above results.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.457-464
• /
• 2003

A valley forest in Sangbuun area at Jirisan National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 726m to 1,090m and part of the slope, and vegetation analysis for the woody species in the tree and subtree layers were carried out. With increasing elevation belt, mean DBH, height and basal area of the trees in the tree layer increased while their density decreased. This trends may be caused by the disturbance which was relatively severe in the low elevation area. As elevation increased, the importance percentages of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica increased while those of Styyax japonicus, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora decreased. The importance percentages of Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance percentages of Acer mono and Corlus heterophylla var. thunbergii. Number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from lower part to upper part of the slope. According to importance percentage and cluster analysis, the valley forest was classified into three forest communities of Quercus serrata-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at low elevation belt, middle elevation belt and middle and upper parts of the slope at high elevation belt, Pinus dnsiflora-Quercus serrata community in middle and upper parts at low elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at high elevation belt and top area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.5_3
• /
• pp.603-631
• /
• 1998

Flora and distribution of vascular plants included introduced species of Mt. Nam park in Seoul were investigated from 1997 to 1998. The flora was composed of 112 families, 338 genera, 487 species, 1 subspecies, 60 varieties, 11 forma or 559 taca. Whole taxa of Mt. Nam calculated with the other reports were recorded 125 families, 461 genera, 832 species, 2 subspecies, 115 varieties, 14 forma or 963 taxa. Mt. nam area has lost its properties because of road and promenade construction, several park reclaimation, introduction of foreign species and exotic plants, and so on. The urbanized index (UI) was comparatively high at 18.3%. Eupatorium rugosum which shown high shade tolerance comparatively was occupied dominantly in road sides. The natural ecosystem and biodiversity of Mt. Nam were under threatened by introduced species. DBH mode of Pinus densiflora community was shown bell shape but that of Quercus mongolica was shown reverse J shape, therefore, it will be occupied in the future this area dominantly by Q. mongolica community. However the vegetation of Mt. nam park area are repressing by superior position in their growth of introduced species included R. pseudo-acacia, Ailanthus altissima and E. rugosum, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.366-377
• /
• 2002

This study investigated the ecological environment of Dongguneung, which royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty aye in. The aim of this study is to do an effective preservation, management and restoration of the royal tomb and garden of the Joseon Dynasty distributed in Seoul and Kyunggi Province through using the data of Dongguneung. In general, Dongguneung contains the predominant Oak class such as Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica community, while a flatland surrounding its control office, which is often flooded with the rainy season in summer, is mainly Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora community ranges around the royal tomb. The subcommunity of Quercus serrata -Quereus mongolica community is distributed into Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis, Carpinus laxiflora and typical subcommunity and so on. In particular, Robinia pseudo -acacia, Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity, and Alnus japonica community were forested. The soil class of Dongguneung was mainly a sandy loam and its pH was an average of 4.67 (from 4.36 to 5.68). The content of heavy metals including Cu, Pb and Zn etc. in the soil was about twice as much as the natural content in the forest soil. The content of organism and total nitrogen in the topsoil layer was the average of 4.87% and 0.21% respectively, slightly higher than those (organism； 4.55%, total nitrogen； 0.20%) of the forest soil generated from granite bedrock. Cation exchange capacity as the indicator of soil fertility was 15.0 cmol $kg^{-1}$, higher than that in the granite forest soil. However among base exchangeable cations, contents of $Ca^{2+}$ (2.07 cmol $kg^{-1}$), $Mg^{2+}$ (0.40 cmol $kg^{-1}$) and K+ (0.25 cmol $kg^{-1}$) were slightly lower than that. The above results could reflect the need of soil fertilization and liming for the improvement of nutritional status and buffer process.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.32-41
• /
• 1991

A survey of subalpine zone (altitude is 1,360-1,410m) in Mt. Chiri, was conducted using 25 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By TWINSPAN techniques, the plant community were divided into five groups by importance value of Abies nephrolepis. The dividing groups are Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Magnolia sieboldii community, Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Q. mongolica - F. rhynchophylla - Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, Q. mongolica- A. nephrolepis- Rh. schlippenbachii community, and A. nephrolepis- Pinus densiflora - Rh. schlippenbachii community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Q. mongolica to A. nephrolepis in the canopy layer. It was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 2000

In urban area, urban forests work as an ecological center that mitigates the environmental pollution of the area. In order to maintain the ecological function of a forest, the management method should be established based on ht through investigation of the vegetation structure of the forest. In this study, the vegetation structure of Namsan in Kyungju area was investigated in order to study the ecological value of Namsan and to suggest a desirable management alternative. 21 plots were selected as survey areas. Using the TWINSPAN technique, the forest of Namsan was classified into four communities: Quercus serrata community(I), Castanea crenata-Q. serrata-Q. mongolica community(II), Pinus densiflora community(III) and P. densiflora-P. rigida-Robinia pseudoacacia community(IV). The survey results were summarized by five: 1) the distribution of vegetation showed 2) P. densiflora was the absolutely dominant species in Namsan, 3) number of the average species was 12.6$^{\circ}$$\pm$3.1, 4) number of individual was 131.1$^{\circ}$$\pm$47.8 per a plot(100$m^2$), 5) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of P. densiflora in Namsan was about 3 0$^{\circ}$~60$^{\circ}$years old. From the above results, it was found out that the forest has two problems. One thing is maintenance of P.densiflora against succession, another is artificial forest dispersion. The problems of Namsan forest management will be solved with further studies related.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.119-130
• /
• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate vegetation structure and to present management plan of mountain type green space in Kangwhado, Inchon. The actual vegetation in survey sites(11,331ha) was divided into 19 community types. It was consisted of secondary forest(92.32%) which was Quercus acutissima, Pinus densiflora-Q. acutissima, and Q. mongolica community so on. Artificial planting forest area, such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus rigida forest and others, was 5.40%(612ha) and it was less than cases in other cities in the Metropolitan area. According to the classification by TWINSPAN, 57 survey plots were divided into seven community types; P rigida(community A), Q. acutissima(community B) P. densiflora-Q. acutissima(community C), Q. acutissima-P. densiflora (community D), P. densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora-Q. serrata-Q. acutissima(community E), Q. serrata-Q. mongolica(community F), and Zelkova serrata-Acer mono(community G). From this result, ecological succession trend of vegetation in this area seems to be change from P. densiflora forest through Q. acutissima forest to Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and C. laxiflora forest. It was similar to the ordinary successional trend of temperate deciduous forest in middle area, Korea. In addition, this study area was showed acid soil(pH 4.17). Therefore, there is a need for managing the soil environment for effective vegetation management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.118-134
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to investigated the plant community structure and to revaluate the part of plant ecosystem on statement of environmental impact assessment in Muju resort golf course, Solch'on area, Tokyusan National Park. The actual vegetation was comprised of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Q. serrata community(33.21%), Q. spp. community(27.30%), P. densiflora community(20.68%) and high mountain marsh(4.93%) etc., which communities were the major vegetation and the forest vegetation was came to being a peculiar to environmental condition. The degree of green naturality 8, 9 was covered 93% in survey area, and so this result reflect the stability of ecosystem. There was all the difference between the statement of environmental impact assessment of development concerned and this study result in the estimation of degree of green naturality. The plant community were divided into six groups in fifty-four plots by DCA and the dividing groups were P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, P. densiflora-Q. serrata-F. mandschurica-B. davurica, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Salix koreansis- B. davurica community. Except P. densiflora forest in survey site, the ecological succession trend of the other communities was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.646-655
• /
• 2015

A phytosociological survey carried out using the Z.-M. School’s methodology and system of numerical-classification analyses, this study sought to classify the syntaxa of forest vegetation on Mt. Byeokbang and to collect basic data on the transitional zones of the southern Korean peninsula’s coastal region. The syntaxa were classified into three physiognomic types and nine communities, including (1) evergreen coniferous forests (Eurya japonica-Pinus thunbergii community and Ardisia japonica-Pinus densiflora community), (2) summer-green, broad-leaved forests (Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrate community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentate community, and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community), and (3) artificial afforestation (Alnus firma afforestation). The Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrata community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentata community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana, community and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community were closely evaluated for national vegetation naturalness. It was confirmed that the Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community was endemic to Korea. Most syntaxa were defined as a secondary forestation due to various human activities (e.g., forest fires, logging, digging, climbing, etc.). The results of a canonical-correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that human activities, altitude, humus depth, rock cover ratio, slope, etc. were the main ecological factors determining the classified plant communities’ distribution patterns.