• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2015

As order quantity is increased, the ordering cost per item will be cheaper due to saving of transportation and material handling costs. In this paper, two realistic assumptions such as quantity discount and budget limit are considered. Quantity discount means that all units in the order will be discounted according to the predetermined order levels. Budget limit represents that the costs for inventory investments are bounded. This paper develops a Lagrangian relaxation approach for a continuous review inventory model with a budget constraint and quantity discounts. Computational results indicate that the proposed approach provides a good solution. Sensitivity analysis is done to get some insights on budget limit and quantity discount. As budget limit or the amount of discount according to order quantity is increased, order quantity is increased, whereas reorder point is not always increased.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

Lee[15] examined quantity discount contracts between a manufacturer and a retailer in a stochastic, two-period inventory model where quantity discounts are provided based on the previous order size. During the two periods, the retailer faces stochastic (truncated Poisson distributed) demands and he/she places orders to meet the demands. The manufacturer provides for the retailer a price discount for the second period order if its quantity exceeds the first period order quantity. In this paper we extend the above two-period model to a k-period one (where k < 2) and propose a stochastic nonlinear mixed binary integer program for it. In order to make the program tractable, the nonlinear term involving the sum of truncated Poisson cumulative probability function values over a certain range of demand is approximated by an i-interval piecewise linear function. With the value of i selected and fixed, the piecewise linear function is determined using an evolutionary algorithm where its fitness to the original nonlinear term is maximized. The resulting piecewise linear mixed binary integer program is then transformed to a mixed binary integer linear program. With the k-period model developed, we suggest a solution procedure of receding horizon control style to solve n-period (n < k) order decision problems. We implement Lee's two-period model and the proposed k-period model for the use in receding horizon control style to solve n-period order decision problems, and compare between the two models in terms of the pattern of order quantities and the total profits. Our computational study shows that the proposed model is superior to the two-period model with respect to the total profits, and that order quantities from the proposed model have higher fluctuations over periods.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.237-241
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• 2002

This paper deals with the problem of determining the buyer's economic lot sizing policy for exponentially deteriorating products under trade credit. It is also assumed that the ordering cost consists of a fixed set-up cost and a freight cost, where the freight cost has a quantity discount offered due to the economies of scale. We formulate the mathematical model and the solution algorithm is developed based on the properties of an optimal solution.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2021

In this paper we analyze the effect of the credit period on inventory policy under trade credit with ordering cost including a fixed cost and freight cost, where the freight cost has a quantity discount. For marketing purposes, some supplier offers credit period to his buyer to stimulate the demand for the product he produces. The delay in payments during the credit period has the effect of reducing the buyer's capital opportunity cost. It is also assumed that the buyer pays the freight cost for the order and hence, the ordering cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and a variable freight cost which depends on the order quantity. As a result, the possibilities of trade credit and discounts on freight costs are expected to play an important role in the buyer's inventory policy. Based on the economic order quantity inventory model, we analyze how the buyer can determine the optimal inventory policy and we examine the effect of the length of credit period on the buyer's inventory policy.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제15권26호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1992

최근 제조공정상의 학습효과를 고려한 통합로트량 결정모형이 개발되었다. 본 논문은 기존의 단일 구매자에서 복수구매자의 모델로 확장된 가격할인 모형을 다룬다. 이 모형에서는 복수구매자의 발주간격은 가장 짧은 구매자의 발주간격에 정수배라는 가정하에서 모형이 개발되었다. 구매자의 계수변화로 인한 민감도 분석이 되었다. 소개된 모형의 효과를 보이기 위해 수치예재를 이용하였다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.195-206
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• 2006

본 연구는 제조자(공급자)와 중간분배자로 구성된 공급사슬에서 시간에 따라 일정률로 퇴화하는 퇴화성 제품을 다루는 중간분배자의 신뢰성있는 재고보충정책을 분석하였다. 문제 분석을 위하여 제조자는 고객의 수요를 증대시키기 위한 수단으로 중간분배자로부터의 제품대금에 대하여 일정기간 동안 신용거래를 허용한다는 가정과 함께 수송량에 따라 할인되는 수송비를 고려하여 모형을 수립하였고, 중간분배자의 경제적 재고보충정책을 결정하기 위한 해법을 개발하였다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2000

In this paper, we consider an Inventory system with multi-suppliers. A supply agreement is made with one of the suppliers, to deliver a fixed quantity Q evry review period ； That is, adapting to discounts of under the condition of free addition often implies that the timing and sizes of future replenishment orders are less predetermined. The replenishment decisions for the other supplier are governed by a replenishment policy. This paper, multiple suppliers strategy is a combination of a push system (the main supplier delivers every review period a predetermined quantity Q) and a pull system the replenishment orders placed at other suppliers are governed by replenishment policy. The costs are defined as the sum of the ordering, holding, purchasing and opportunity costs. Based on numerical results, conclusions follow about the division of the replenishment volume among the inventory policy.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2007

The selection of suppliers and the determination of order quantities to be placed with those suppliers are important decisions in a supply chain. In this research, a non-linear mixed integer programming model is presented to select suppliers and determine the order quantities. The model considers the purchasing cost which takes into account quantity discount, the cost of transportation, the fixed cost for establishing suppliers, the cost for holding inventory, and the cost of receiving poor quality parts. The capacity constraints for suppliers, quality and lead-time requirements for the parts are also taken into account in the model. Since the purchasing cost, which is a decreasing step function of order quantities, introduces discontinuities to the non-linear objective function, it is not easy to employ traditional optimization methods. Thus, a heuristic algorithm, called particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used to find the (near) optimal solution. However, PSO usually generates initial solutions randomly. To improve the PSO solution quality, a heuristic procedure is proposed to find an initial solution based on the average unit cost including transportation, purchasing, inventory, and poor quality part cost. The results show that PSO with the proposed initial solution heuristic provides better solutions than those with PSO algorithm only.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.9-28
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• 1996

Recent research has examined how changing a buyer's purchasing policy can improve the efficiency of buyer-seller transactions for a single product. This paper extends the analysis to consider transactions involving multiple products. We show that under certain conditions, coordinating purchases across products is more efficient for the buyer and the seller than maximizing transctions efficiency for each separate product. In contrast to the single product case, the original prices of the products sometimes can support efficient, coordinated transactions across products. Mechanisms like quantity discounts, which are necessary to enforce efficient transactions for a single product, are therefore not always necessary for efficient, coordinated transactions of multiple products. When such mechanisms are required, we show that product bundling by the seller can be used to maximize transactions efficiency across products.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.189-204
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• 2014

본 연구는 외식 소비성향에 따른 한식당 선택속성이 외식 고객들의 행동의도와의 영향관계를 확인하고자 한다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 외식소비자 249명을 대상으로 SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 빈도분석, 요인 및 신뢰도분석, 카이제곱분석, 상관관계분석, 군집분석, 분산분석 및 다중회귀분석을 하였다. 가설검정을 위한 분산분석한 결과 식당의 접근성은 모든 군집에서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 음식의 품질은(F=5.587, $p{\leq}.001$) 유의한 결과를 나타내었고, 종사원의 서비스(F=5.186, p<.01), 가격할인(F=4.921, p<.01)에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 따라서 외식 소비성향군집은 한식당 선택속성에는 차이가 있을 것이라는 가설1은 부분 채택되었다. 한식당 선택속성이 행동의도에 영향을 미친다는 가설을 검정하기 위하여 한식당 선택속성의 하위요인(식당의 접근성, 음식의 품질, 종사원의 서비스, 가격할인)을 독립변수로 하고, 외식 소비자의 행도의도를 종속변수로 하여 다중회귀분석결과는 식당의 접근성은 (${\beta}=.092$), 가격할인(${\beta}=.299$)로 행동의도에 유의한 결과를 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 음식의 품질(${\beta}=.379$, p<.001), 종사원의 서비스(${\beta}=.251$, p<.001)에서 유의한 결과를 나타내었다. 한식당 선택속성이 행동의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다는 가설은 부분 채택되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 외식 경영자들은 한식당을 경영할 때 음식의 품질을 유지하기 위하여 좋은 식재료, 위생, 음식의 양과 일관 된 맛을 유지하기 위한 경영정책과 종사원들의 교육을 통한 질 좋은 서비스를 고객에게 제공하는 것을 식당경영의 최우선과제로 하여야 하겠다.