• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.30-30
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• 2008

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics 0.97$(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3$-0.03Ba$(Ti_{1-x}Sn_x)O_3$ [NKN-BTS-x] ceramics doped with 1 mol% $MnO_2$ have been fabricated by a sintering technique with muffling. The $MnO_2$-doped NKN-BTS-x ceramics with x$\leq$0.2 have pure orthorhombic perovskite structure at room temperature. The dense microstructure was developed with grain growth as an increase of amount of Sn. Moreover, the addition of Sn was found to have a significant influence on piezoelectric properties. In particular, the $MnO_2$-doped NKN-BTS-0.1 ceramics showed improved piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric constant ($d_{33}$=145pC/N), relatively large electromechanical coupling factor ($k_p$=43%), dielectic constant (${\varepsilon}^T_{33}/{\varepsilon}_0$=676) dielectric loss (tan$\delta$=1.3%).

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2018

Niobium is a candidate base for new alloys devoted to applications at especially elevated temperatures. Elaborating and shaping niobium-based alloys by conventional foundry may lead to mechanically interesting microstructures. In this work a series of charges constituted of pure elements were subjected to high frequency induction melting in cold crucible to try obtaining cast highly refractory Nb-xCr and Nb-xCr-0.4 wt.%Calloys(x=27, 34 and 37 wt.%). Melting and solidification were successfully achieved. The as-cast microstructures of the obtained alloys were characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction and their hardness were specified by Vickers macro-indentation. The obtained as-cast microstructures are composed of a body centered cubic (bcc) niobium dendritic matrix and of an interdendritic eutectic compound involving the bcc Nb phase and a $NbCr_2$ Laves phase. The obtained alloys are hard to cut and particularly brittle at room temperature. Hardness is of a high level (higher than 600Hv) and is directly driven by the chromium content or the amount of {bcc Nb - $NbCr_2$} eutectic compound. Adding 0.4 wt.% of carbon did not lead to carbides but tends to increase hardness.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2010

In this study, we successfully synthesized a nano-sized lanthanum-modified lead-titanate (PLT) powder with a perovskite structure using a high-energy mechanochemical process (MCP). In addition, the sintering behavior of synthesized PLT nanopowder was investigated and the sintering temperature that can make the full dense PLT specimen decreased to below $1050^{\circ}C$ by using $Bi_2O_3$ powder as sintering agent. The pure PLT phase of perovskite structure was formed after MCP was conducted for 4 h and the average size of the particles was approximately 20 nm. After sintered at 1050 and $1150^{\circ}C$, the relative density of PLT was about 93.84 and 95.78%, respectively. The density of PLT increased with adding $Bi_2O_3$ and the specimen with the relative densitiy over 96% were fabricated below $1050^{\circ}C$ when 2 wt% of $Bi_2O_3$ was added.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권24호
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• pp.131-152
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• 2003

In ancient times, many kinds of different inorganic pigments were used as colorants for making objects. These pigments are still evidentin well known objects such as Danchung, mural painting and Buddhist painting. This study discusses the results obtained from an analysis of the pigments used on the Buddha pigments. The results can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, the microcrystalline structures revealed on the cross section of analyzed pigments, samples of which were taken from various parts of Buddha pigments show that different sizes and shapes of pigment particle were used for different purposes such as coloring, toning of the pigments. The arrangement of pigments and their usages are varied according to the owner temples and the place where it was created. Secondly, a result of the analysis on the composition and structure of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are: Red pigments - Red lead($Pb_3O_4$) and Cinnabar(HgS)Green pigments - Malachite[$CuCO_3$.$Cu(OH)_2$] and Prussian Blue[$Fe4(Fe(CN)_6)_2$]Gold pigments - pure gold(Au)Yellow pigments - Orpiment($A_s2S_3)White pigments - Lead Cyanamide[$Pb_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2]Ultramarine pigments - Azulite[$Cu_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2]Especially, we knew that pigments used on the Ssanggye temple not repaired to the artificial synthetic pigment

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.229-233
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• 2015

In this paper, in order to develop outstanding Pb-free piezoelectric composition ceramics, the $(Na_{0.525}K_{0.443}Li_{0.037})(Nb_{0.883}Sb_{0.08}Ta_{0.037})O_3+0.3wt%Bi_2O_3+0.4wt%Fe_2O_3+xwt%CuO$ (x= 0~0.8 wt%)(abbreviated as NKL-NST) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been synthesized using the ordinary solid state reaction method. The effects of CuO-doping on the structure and electrical properties of the NKL-NST ceramics were systematically studied. The results show that the ceramics exhibit a pure perovskite structure with orthorhombic phase at room temperature, and secondary phase was found in the ceramics. The 0.4 wt%CuO added ceramics sintered at $950^{\circ}C$ showed the optimum properties of piezoelectric constant($d_{33}$), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient(kp) and mechanical quality factor(Qm) : $d_{33}=213$[pC/N], kp= 0.43, Qm= 423,respectively.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

Sn whiskers can grow from the pure Sn and high Sn-based finish and cause the electrical shorts and failures. Even with the wealth of information on whiskers, we have neither the clear understanding of whisker growth nor methods for its prevention. In this study, the whisker grain roots which connected with intermetallic layer were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). In the Sn-Cu plated leadframe (LF) that was stored at ambient condition for 540 days, filament-shaped whiskers were grown on the Sn-plated surface and ${\eta}'-Cu_6Sn_5$ precipitates were widely distributed along the grain boundaries at the Sn matrix. The measured of the lattice fringes at the ${\eta}'-Cu_6Sn_5$ was $4.71{\AA}$ at the coarse grain and $2.91{\AA}$ at the fine grain. The $Cu_3Sn$ which generates the tensile stresses was not observed. The formation of $Cu_6Sn_5$ precipitates and intermetallic layer were strongly related to whisker growth, but, the whisker growth tendency does not closely relate with the geometric morphology of irregularly grown intermetallic compound (lMC).

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.563-567
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• 2011

The most widely used piezoelectric ceramics are lead oxide based ferroelectrics (PZT). However, the toxicity of lead oxide and its high vapor pressure during processing have led to a demand for alternative lead-free piezoelectric materials. We synthesized Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics of $0.96(K_{0.5}Na_{0.5})NbO_3-0.04SrZrO_3+x$ mol% $ZrO_2$ [KNN-SZ+$xZrO_2$; x= 0~0.10] doped with 0.1 wt% $MnO_2$ by a conventional solid state method. We investigated the piezoelectric properties and microstructures of these disk samples sintered in reduced atmosphere in order to evaluate the possibility of the multilayered piezoelectric ceramics having the base metal such as Ni as a internal electrode. All of these KNN-SZ samples sintered in 3%$H_2-97%N_2$ atmosphere at $1,140^{\circ}C$ exhibit pure perovskite structure irrespective of the content of $ZrO_2$. Meanwhile, the sintering denisty and piezoelectric properties such as $K_p$, $Q_m$ and $d_{33}$ of KNN-SZ samples as a function of $ZrO_2$ content show the maxima ($k_p$=28.07%, $Q_m$= 101.34, $d_{33}$= 156 pC/N) at x= 0.04 and it is likely that there is some morphotropic phase boundary(MPB) in this KNN-SZ+$xZrO_2$ composition system. These results indicate that the ceramic composition is a promising candidate material for applications in lead free multilayer piezoelectric ceramics.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2013

산성광산배수로부터 형성되는 철수산화물로부터 납-시금법을 이용하여 금을 회수하고자하였다. 폐광석으로부터 산성광산배수가 생성되고 있으며 이로부터 철수산화물이 침전되어 주변지역이 심각하게 오염되고 있다. 철수산화물에는 Fe가 평균 520.29 mg/kg, 황이 평균 4,414.62 mg/kg 그리고 금이 평균 16.19 mg/kg이 각각 포함되어 있다. 철수산화물에 대하여 XRD분석을 수행한 결과 석영과 침철석이 나타났다. 철수산화물에 대하여 납-시금법을 수행한 결과 평균 0.174 g/ton의 순수한 금을 회수 하였고, 유리질 슬래그로 평균 1.37 mg/kg의 금이 손실되었다. 유리질 슬래그로 금이 손실되는 원인은 유리질 슬래그에 방연석과 납이 형성되었기 때문이다. 유리질 슬래그에 방연석과 납이 포함되어 있는 것을 XRD분석으로 확인하였다.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

전통 황색 광물안료 석황이 적용된 채색문화재에서 석황부위의 색상변질이 빈번히 발생된다. 채색문화재에서 변색되는 원인을 밝히고자 석황과 석황에 혼합하여 사용하는 몇가지 안료를 분말과 채색상태로 제작하여 연구하였다. 석황에 연백, 연단, 주사를 비율에 따라 혼합한 후 아교에 넣어 한지와 견에 채색하였다. 명반으로 발생할 수 있는 변색을 고려하기 위해서 채색시편에 대해 명반처리 시험을 실시하였다. 시편들의 내구성을 확인하기 위하여 자외선시험기로 내광성시험을 3단계, 총 96시간 동안 실시하였다. 시험을 거친 시편에 대하여 색도계를 사용하여 색변화를 측정하였으며, XRD와 Raman 스펙트로메터로 광물과 구조변이, SEM/EDS로 화학성분의 변화를 분석하였다. 내광성시험에 따른 순수 석황 분말의 색변화는 적었던 반면, 채색시편에서는 약간 어두워졌다. 견바탕에 채색한 것의 색변화가 컸으며, 명반이 처리된 시편의 색변화가 컸다. 석황분말에서는 자외선시험 후 orpiment가 변질된 백색의 arsenolite가 생성되었다. 석황-연백 혼합분말에서는 석황과 연백의 구성광물만이 검출되었고, 변질물질은 생성되지 않은 반면, 자외선시험 후에는 orpiment와 orpiment의 변질물인 arsenolite, 그리고 연백의 구성광물이 검출되였다. 두 안료의 분말상태의 혼합에서는 자외선시험에 의해서도 암흑화현상이 발생되지 않았다. 그러나 혼합분말로 채색된 시편은 자외선시험에 의해 암흑화되었다. 채색시편에서 혼합된 안료와 바탕재에 따라 석황의 색상 변화가 다르게 나타나며, 명반처리한 경우는 안한 경우보다 큰 색변화를 보여 명반도 석황의 색변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 드러났다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.617-621
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• 2010

($K_{0.5}Na_{0.5}$)($Nb_{0.96}Sb_{0.04}$)$O_3$+1.2 mol% $K_4CuNb_8O_{23}$ ceramics doped with iron oxide ($Fe_2O_3$) were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide method. And then, their piezoelectric and dielectric properties were investigated as a function of $Fe_2O_3$ addition. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that $Fe^{3+}$ diffuses into the NKN lattices to form a solid solution with a pure perovskite structure at room temperature. At the sintering temperature of $1,060^{\circ}C$, when 0.2 mol% $Fe_2O_3$ was doped, the piezoelectric constant ($d_{33}$), electromechanical coupling factor (Kp), and mechanical quality factor ($Q_m$) showed the excellent values of 131.67 pC/N, 0.436, and 696.36, respectively. Results show that $Fe_2O_3$ deped ($K_{0.5}Na_{0.5}$)($Nb_{0.96}Sb_{0.04}$)$O_3$+1.2 mol% $K_4CuNb_8O_{23}$ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are a promising lead free material for piezoelectric transformer applications.