• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

The isotope ratios of $^{13}C/^{12}C$ and $^{18}O/^{16}O$ for a sample in a mass spectrometer are measured relative to those of a pure $CO_2$ reference gas (i.e., laboratory working standard). Thus, the calibration of a laboratory working standard gas to the international isotope scales (Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) for ${\delta}^{13}C$ and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) for ${\delta}^{18}O$) is essential for comparisons between data sets obtained by other groups on other mass spectrometers. However, one often finds difficulties in getting well-calibrated standard gases, because of their production time and high price. Additional difficulty is that fractionation processes can occur inside the gas cylinder most likely due to pressure drop in long-term use. Therefore, studies on laboratory production of pure $CO_2$ isotope standard gas from stable solid calcium carbonate standard materials, have been performed. For this study, we propose a method to extract pure $CO_2$ gas without isotope fractionation from a solid calcium carbonate material. The method is similar to that suggested by Coplen et al., (1983), but is better optimized particularly to make a large amount of pure $CO_2$ gas from calcium carbonate material. The $CaCO_3$ releases $CO_2$ in reaction with 100% pure phosphoric acid at $25^{\circ}C$ in a custom designed, evacuated reaction vessel. Here we introduce optimal procedure, reaction conditions, and samples/reactants size for calcium carbonate-phosphoric acid reaction and also provide the details for extracting, purifying and collecting $CO_2$ gas out of the reaction vessel. The measurements for ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ were performed at Seoul National University using a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (VG Isotech, SIRA Series II) operated in dual-inlet mode. The entire analysis precisions for ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ were evaluated based on the standard deviations of multiple measurements on 15 separate samples of purified $CO_2$. The pure $CO_2$ samples were taken from 100-mg aliquots of a solid calcium carbonate (Solenhofen-ori $CaCO_3$) during 8-day experimental period. The multiple measurements yielded the $1{\sigma}$ precisions of ${\pm}0.01$‰ for ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\pm}0.05$‰ for ${\delta}^{18}O$, comparable to the internal instrumental precisions of SIRA. Therefore, we conclude the method proposed in this study can serve as a way to produce an accurate secondary and/or laboratory $CO_2$ standard gas. We hope this study helps resolve difficulties in placing a laboratory working standard onto the international isotope scales and does make accurate comparisons with other data sets from other groups.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1985

The synthetic method was studied on the $SrTiO_3$ powder of pure and homogeneous ultra fine particle of $SrTiO_3$. Pure and ultra fine particle was synthesized from $Sr(OH)_2$.$8H_2O$ and Ti(OH) at 3$0^{\circ}C$~9$0^{\circ}C$ in the $N_2$ gas atmosphere.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1481_1482
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• 2009

Pure Xe, Kr and Ne atoms and Mixures of Xe-Ne used in fluorescent induction lamps(FILs). However standard regulation of FILs is not made up until now. Therefore, the electron transport coefficients, the electron drift velocity W, the longitudinal diffusion coefficient NDL and the ionization coefficient $\alpha$/N in pure Xe, Kr, Ne gases and Xe-Ne mixtures(1:9, 5:5, 7:3) were calculated over the wide E/N range from 0.01 to 500 Td at 1 Torr by two-term approximation of the Boltzman equation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1980

Alumina extraction from raw Hadong kaolin with sulfuric acid was studied to obtain relatively pure alumina. Factors as acid concentration, heating temperature and conditions of ammonium alum crystal formation from extracted solution are also surveyed and most of iron oxide in kaolin is eliminated in crystallization of ammonium alum. Pure crystal obtained from the extracted solution with ammonium sulfate is relatively free from iron containment in mother liquor. Alumina in ammonium alum crystal is converted to gibbsite form after complete hydrolysis in ammonia gas.

• 전기의세계
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.306-312
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• 1981

The Townsend discharge domain is generally observed with stable positive characteristics in N$_{2}$ gas discharge at low pressures differently in the others, which transfer immediately to glow dischage after self-sustaining discharge starts. In this paper, the presence of the stable Townsend discharge, applied voltage-discharge current characteristics and the effect of disgased electrode surface on stable townsend discharge are studied experimentaly in N$_{2}$ gas mixed with 0.05% of No in volume. As the result of this experiment, the stable Townssend discharge is observed only in pure nitrogen with the valve of pd.geq.8[torr.cm] (p=gas pressure, d=gap spacing), but not in gas mixtures. This is considered that No gas in gas mixtures disexcites effectively the metestble state of nitrogen.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.1582-1583
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• 2011

Recently, it has been found that trifluoroiodomethane ( $CF_3I$) gas can replace $SF_6$ gas as a prospective substitute gas. For quantitative understanding of gas discharge phenomena, we should know electron collision cross sections and electron transport coefficients. Using electron collision cross sections of $CF_3I$ and Xe, we calculated elecron drift velocity, longitudinal coefficient, effective ionization coefficient in $CF_3I$-Xe mixtures using a two-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation. We also compared the electron transport coefficients in pure gas and those of 10%, 20%, 50%, and 70% $CF_3I$-Xe mixture gases. The present data may be showed appropriate ratios of $CF_3I$-Xe mixture gas for replacing the $SF_6$ gas.

• 전기의세계
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.36-42
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• 1978

It has been investigates that electric characteristics of plasma electron beam in N$_{2}$, H$_{2}$ and Ar gas jars under various gas pressures during electron beams are formed. The results are as follows: 1)Electron beam is formed in the region of positive resistance on the characteristic curve. This phenomenon is identical in N$_{2}$, H$_{2}$ and Ar gases. 2)But in Ar gas, electron beam is formed at relatively lower gas pressure than in H$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$. 3)In pure gas either N$_{2}$, H$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$ the lower the gas pressure, the higher the voltage drop for the same electron beam current. 4)The region in which electron beam is formed is limited at a given pressure. 5)Beyond the limit mentioned above, it becomes glow discharge state and the current increases radically. 6)At a given gas pressure, electron beam voltage, that is, electrical power input increases with gap length.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.38-43
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• 2011

Natural gas liquefaction process runs under cryogenic condition, and it spends large amount of energy. Minimizing energy consumption of natural gas liquefaction process is an important issue because of its physical characteristics. Among many kinds of natural gas liquefaction processes, C3-MR(Propane Pre-cooled Mixed Refrigerant) process uses two kind of refrigerants. One is the propane as the pure refrigerant(PR) and the other is the mixed refrigerant(MR). In this study, to find the optimal compressing level, propane cycle is simulated on different pressure level. The case study result shows relationship between energy consumption and pressure level. As a result, the conclusion is that at a higher pressure level, process consumes lower energy. At 5 pressure-levels, energy consumption is 23.7% lower than 3 pressure-levels.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2004

The technology of $C_{60}$ fullerite films preparation by means of gas-phase deposition and structure of fullerite films are described. A three-channel flow plant was used to obtain fullerite films. The films were deposited in the flow of inert gas under reduced pressure onto a cooled silicon or sapphire substrate placed inside the reaction chamber of the plant. The plant allows one to obtain the films of pure fullerenes and to synthesise the films from fullerene compounds and doped fullerenes. The structure of two types of films were investigated by FE-SEM and SEM techniques: pure fullerite films onto silicon and sapphire substrates as well as compound films were studied by FE-SEM technique. All samples have shown columnar structure with high level of porosity. The synthesis of films composed of fullerene and its compounds for use in electronics is demonstrated to be promising. For example, experiments confirm the possibility to use fullerite films in sensor electronics to produce humidity and thermal sensors. It is also possible to use the sensitivity of these films to isotropic pressure. The experiments with $C_{60}$-Cu-J films have shown quite strong dependence of their resistance on pressure of different sort of medium-gas that could be used in gas-sensitive sensors. The structure and preparation technology of resistive sensor based on fullerite films are described.bed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.05e
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• pp.73-76
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• 2003

This paper describes the information for quantitative simulation of weakly ionized plasma. In previous paper, we calculated the electron transport coefficients in pure Xenon gas by using two-term approximation of Boltzmann equation. Therefore, in this paper, we calculated the electron transport coefficients(W, $N{\cdot}D_L$ and $D_{L/{\mu}}$) in pure Xenon gas for range of E/N values from 0.01 ~ 500[Td] at the temperature was 300[K] and pressure was 1[Torr] by using multi-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation by Robson and Ness, The results of two-term and multi-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation has been compared with the experimental data by L. S. Frost and A. V. Phelps for a range of E/N.