• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2004

We report on a transmittance controlled photomask with phase patterns on the back quartz surface. Theoretical analysis for changes in illumination pupil shape with respect to the variation of size and density of backside phase patterns and experimental results for improvement of critical dimension uniformity on a wafer by using the transmittance controlled photomask are presented. As phase patterns for controlling transmittance of the photomask we used etched contact-hole type patterns with 180" rotative phase with respect to the unetched region. It is shown that pattern size on the backside of the photomask must be made as small as possible in order to keep the illumination pupil shape as close as possible to the original pupil shape and to achieve as large an illumination intensity drop as possible at a same pattern density. The distribution of illumination intensity drop suitable for correcting critical dimension error was realized by controlling pattern density of the contact-hole type phase patterns. We applied this transmittance controlled photomask to a critical layer of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) having a 140nm design rule and could achieve improvement of the critical dimension uniformity value from 24.0 nm to 10.7 nm in 3$\sigma$.TEX>.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2004.02a
• /
• pp.166-167
• /
• 2004

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2014

Purpose. Scheduled calibration of refractive error's have various refractive surgery, and a side effect of post refractive surgery for refractive errors's before refractive surgery, by analyzing the eye condition of the refractive error's good state, it tries to increase the satisfaction of refractive error's refractive surgery. Methods. In response to 60 people preoperative data 20-30 generations of age, were analyzed for eye conditions. Results. IOP, thickness of the cornea, liquid leakage amount inspection, the corneal endothelium inspection, the size of the pupil, have been conducted auto refraction test and showed a numerical value in most normal range. Conclusion. Surgery can be of individual differences of patients, it is difficult to define the full normal range, to the surgery based on the case of this study, the side effects of patients after surgery is expected to be prevention.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.110-117
• /
• 2014

In this study, we objectively determined whether the ReSTOR as a multifocal IOL (intraocular lens) has a multifocal function compared to the IQ as a monofocal IOL in vivo by OQAS (Optical Quality Analysis System). Eighteen patients who had cataract surgery with implantation of ReSTOR (27 eyes) and 15 patients with IQ (21 eyes), were included inthis study. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA)and distance corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) were measured. After setting the artificial pupil size to 3 mm, we performed 'Optical quality'. We inputted defocus diopters of (objective spherical refraction)(far), (objective spherical refraction-1.25 D)(intermediate),(objective spherical refraction-2.5 D)(near), and (objective spherical refraction-3.5 D)(very near) into 'selected spherical refraction' simulating the optical quality at far, intermediate, and near distance. We changed the pupil size to 5 mm and repeated the same measurements. The UCDVA and CDVA did not show significant differences between the 2 groups. But, the UCNVA and DCNVA of the ReSTOR group were better than those of the IQ group (p=0.000, p=0.000). For 3 mm pupil, at far distance, modulation transfer function (MTF) cut off and point spread function (PSF) width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.039, p=0.020). At intermediate distance, MTF cut off, Strehl ratio and PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.000). At near distance, MTF cut off of ReSTOR was worse than that of IQ (p=0.033). At very near distance, MTF cut off and Strehl ratio of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.002, p=0.002), but PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR was better than that of IQ. For 5 mm pupil, most parameters at each distance, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Only PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ at intermediate distance (p=0.013). It was impossible to show the multifocal function of ReSTOR compared to the IQ byOQAS.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.58-61
• /
• 2000

Viewing zone shape and size perform a key role in creating viewing comfort for the viewer. The horizontal and vertical sizes of viewing zones, formed by a full color transmission type holographic screen with a stereoscopic image projection are investigated. The screens have been recorded as holograms of a narrow stripe shaped object with different width; to extend the vertical size of the viewing zone the holograms were exposed two times with the hologram shifting between exposures. The viewing zone parameters were measured as a function of the stripe width of the object and of the exit pupil size of projection optics for several holographic screens having the size of the 30 $\times$ 40 $\textrm{cm}^2$.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.419-424
• /
• 2012

Purpose: We were to obtain the basic data for studying kinetic visual acuity through the comparative analysis in kinetic visual acuity, visual acuity, refractive error, pupil size, and hand reaction time for college students. Methods: We had tested the kinetic visual acuity, visual acuity, refractive error and hand reaction time using the kinetic visual acuity tester (KOWA AS-4A), the hand reaction time program and auto-refractometer for thirty-nine male and same female optometry students with more than +0.1 LogMAR visual acuity in both eyes. And the results were examined gender differences of kinetic visual acuity and the factors correlation. Results: In the measured values of male, pupil size were 6.00 mm, hand reaction time 0.23 msec, refractive error -1.66 D, visual acuity -0.07, kinetic visual acuity 0.59 and pupil size 5.86 mm, hand reaction time 0.24 msec, refractive error -2.08 D, visual acuity -0.02, kinetic visual acuity 0.46 in female. It was significant difference for kinetic visual acuity values but other factors were not. The kinetic visual acuity and left visual acuity had the highest correlation, r=-0.406. The kinetic visual acuity indicated more excellent values in the case of increasing visual acuity and decreasing myopia amount. Conclusions: It was able to see that male college students were better than female for kinetic visual acuity and the visual acuity were related to kinetic visual acuity.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.461-468
• /
• 2004

A finite model eye of visual acuity 24/20 in emmertropia was presented. We determined the image intensity profile on retina using optical transfer function of model eye, and compared with clinical data. The retinal contrast sensitivity function based on the Stiles-Crawford effect, photopic response, diffraction, aberration, retinal contrast sensitivity, and pupil size is calculated. Visual acuity for human eye could be predicted by examining the modulation transfer function of a bar target and retinal contrast sensitivity function. This visual acuity was evaluated for pupil diameters ranging from 1 to 8 mm.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 1981

Etomidoline is a new synthetic atropine-like drug. The present investigation aimed to study the combined effects of etomidoline and neofopam hydrochloride which has an analgesic and muscle relaxant activity, compared with the effects of each drugs. Acute toxicities (ID$_{50}$) in mouse were 132mg/Kg (p.o.) and 49mg/Kg (i.p.) when combination ratio of etomidoline and neofopam was 1:5 and 103 mg/Kg (p.o.) and 30mg/Kg (i.p.) with the ratio of 1:10. Etomidoline showed more potent anticholinergic effects than neofopam in the isolated rat intestine. Whereas, antibarium effects were twice as active with neofopam than with etomidoline. When etomidoline and neofopam were added in combination ratio of 1 : 5, papaverine-like avtivity was increased, but no changes of anticholinergic effect were observed. Analgesic effect was measured by the anti-writhing method of Whittle in mice. Both of the concurrent and single administration of etomidoline and nefopam reduced significantly the writhing number and the effect of the concurrent administration was more active than that of single, and 1 : 5 combination was slightly more potent than 1:10. Each drug or the combined drug was administered to mice and observed the change of the pupil size. Pupil sizes were increased with each drug and with combined drug, although there were no significant differences between the each group of drugs. However, those effects were less than that of atropine sulfate.e.

• Journal of the Korea society of information convergence
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2013

The accomodation is made to see near objects. This accomodation have different characteristics from individual to individual. Difference also occurs accommodation of the theory and real. This is accomodative-lag. Depth of focus directly affects the accomodative-lag. Depth of focus is affected by the refractive power and the size of the pupil. Depth of focus becomes deeper as the size of the pupil is small, the refractive power is increased. The accomodative-lag occur more as depth of focus is deep. In this paper, a study was made of the relationship of the accomodative-lag and refractive power. A Monocular Estimation Method(MEM) use for measuring the accomodative-lag. Results were measured by MEM, it tended to increase the refractive power so as to increase the accodative-lag. The accomodative-lag amount was measured at 0.51D. Men were measured at 0.52D, women were measured at 0.49D. The accomodative-lag by gender tended also increases the amount of refractive power increases.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 1990

School children sit long on chairs in their classrom. Their posture is closely related to their chairs. Study of this relationship is very imporant for the health and education of school children. This report presents the results of study condcuted to determine the present status of classroom chairs and solve any problems identifede. The study involved 125 teachers in Seoul and Pusan, 175 fourth graders in Seoul, and 109 fourth graders in Puasn. The body dimensions of the school children and the dimensions of their chairs and desks were measured, and their postures while they studied at their desk were photographed. The following problems were identified as a result of the investigation: (1) Chairs are allocated to pupils according to their stature. (2) The teachers are not satisfied with the chairs and the method by which the chairs are allocated to their pupils. (3) The pupils complain of low seat height, narrow seat, and hard backrest, among other conditions. (4) The pupils select a chair one size larger than that suggested by their body size. (5) The poor posture of the pupils is traced to the seat height and sasyaku$(sitting height {\times} 1/3-1)$ of their chairs, their habit, their way of holding pencils, and lack of instruction by their teachers. The following recommendations are made to solve these problems: (1) Adjust the seat height and desk height to accommodate the pupils. (2) Provide both teachers and pupils with adequate knowledge of chails. (3) Provided each pupil with one desk and make the desk adjustable to sit his or her body dimensions. (4) Allocate a chair and desk to each pupil for his or her exclusive use. (5) Reserch and develop conversion tables that help to find suitable chails for individual pupils. New values of sasyaku and desk height, not specified in Korean Industrial Standards(KS), are proposed.