• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1440-1446
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• 1997

The radiologically detectable pulmonary involvement of NHL at diagnosis is about 4%. The commonest intrathoracic manifestations of secondary pulmonary lymphoma are mediastinal or hilar lymph node enlargement And the most frequent manifestations of pulmonary parenchymal lymphoma are lymphomatous nodules. But, when patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma exhibit rapidly progressive parenchymal lesions, an infection, such as pneumonia, is usually suspected. We present a report of a patient who developed rapidly progressive pulmonary involvement with T cell lymphoma, which was considered to be pneumonia because of high fever and rapidly progressive radiologic findings.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.433-437
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• 1992

Tuberous sclerosis is a syndrome characterized by the facial skin lesion, epilepsy, and mental retardation. Pulmonary involvement is uncommon, but when the lung is involved by tuberous sclerosis it shows characteristic reticulonodular infiltration and cystic changes. We experienced a 34-year-old female patient of known tuberous sclerosis admitted due to pneumothorax. Chest PA showed diffuse fine reticulonodular infiltration and chest CT revealed diffuse cystic changes of the lung. Pleurodesis with tetracycline was done to prevent recurrence, but chylothorax occurred four months after the treatment. Pleurosis was tried again and anti estrogen treatment began.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.375-380
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• 1994

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome consists of peripheral blood eosinophilia of $1500/mm^3$ or more without a known cause, plus signs and symptoms of organ eosinophilia. The prognosis of HES without treatment is poor. However, about one third of the patients with this syndrome may respond to corticosteroid thrapy. Morever, the majority of the remainder may have a favorable response to hydroxyurea. We present here a case of hypereosinophilic syndrome without any identifiable causes, involving bone marrow, liver, lungs and cervical lymph node. We tried corticosteroid as a treatment but it showed no response. However the hydroxyurea showed good response.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2001

Cryoglobulinemia is the presence of globulins in the serum that precipitate on exposure to cold temperatures(cryoglobulins). Pulmonary complications of cryoglobulinemia include interstial infiltration, impaired gas exchange, small airway disease and pleurisy. Only one other acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) case has been described in patients with cryoglobulinemia. A 55-years old man was admitted with dyspnea. He had been diagnosed as being a hepatitis B virus antigen carrier 15 years ago. On the first admission, chest radiography showed a bilateral pleural effusion and a patchy infiltration on both lungs. On protein- and immuno-electrophoresis, cryoglobulinemia was confirmed. The patient was treated with corticosteroid and plasmapheresis. Forty-five days after the diagnosis, the patient complained of progressive dyspnea and showed a diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltration on chest radiography. Despite intensive care with mechanical ventilation, the patient died as consequence of hypoxemia and multiple systemic organ failure. On a pathologic examination of the postmortem lung biopsy, multiple necrotizing vasculitis and increased infiltration of the lymphocytes and monocytes were observed. In conclusion, ARDS developed as a result of pulmonary hemorrhage due to cryoglobulinemia-associated vasculitis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.323-328
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• 2013

Traditionally, Ligustrum lucidum fruits (LL) is one of the well-known oriental herb used in the treatment of skin and lung inflammation. This study investigated anti-inflammatory effects of LL in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Acute pulmonary inflammation was induced by intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 5 times within 12 days in mice. LL extract was administered orally at a dose of 50 or 200 mg/kg. Administration of LPS and CSC significantly elevated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to mice, and increased in the levels of inflammatory cells and mediators in mice. However, the LL extract significantly reduced the elevated AHR, and the increase of neutrophils, $CD4^+/CD3^+$ cells and $CD8^+/CD3^+$ cells, along with reducing the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and MIP-2. Moreover, the LL extract alleviated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in expanded airway walls histologically. These results indicate that the LL extract has an inhibitory effects on acute pulmonary inflammation and AHR in murine model, and plays a crucial role as a immunomodulator which possess anti-inflammatory property.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2017

Small airway disease (SAD) has been recognized for many years as a central feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Histopathology studies have shown that the narrowing and destruction of small airways in COPD combined with inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosa increases the severity of the disease. SAD is present in the early stages of COPD and becomes more widespread over time as the disease progresses to more severe COPD. The development of inhalers containing extra-fine particles allows the small airways to be pharmacologically targeted. Recent clinical trials have shown the efficacy of extra-fine triple therapy that targets the small airways in patients with COPD. This article reviews the importance and treatment of SAD in COPD.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2008

The single intratracheal instillation (ITI) of bleomycin (BLM) is a widely used method for inducing experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rat model. In the present study, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) of tidal volume ($V_T$), minute volume ($V_M$), and respiratory frequency ($F_R$) have been applied to study their possibility as a tool to monitor the progress of BLM-induced lung injury in rat model. Rats were treated with a single ITI of BLM (2.5 mg/kg) or saline (control). Animals were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-ITI. Lung toxicity effects were evaluated by inflammatory cell count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and light microscopic examination of lung injury. The PFT parameters were measured immediately before the animals were sacrificed. BLM treatment induced significant cellular changes in BALF-increase in number of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes along with sustained increase in number of macrophages compared to the controls at days 3, 7, and 14. BALF LDH level was significantly increased compared to that in the controls up to day 14. On day 3, infiltration of neutrophils was observed in the alveolar spaces. These changes developed into marked peribronchiolar and interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells, and extensive thickening of the interalveolar septa on day 7. At 14, 21, and 28 days, mild peribronchiolar fibrosis was observed along with inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of PFT show significant consistencies compared to the results of other toxicity tests. These data demonstrate that the most suitable time point for assessing lung fibrosis in this model is 14 days post-ITI of BLM based on the observation of fibrosis at 14, 21, and 28 days. Further, the progress of lung injury can be traced by monitoring the PFT parameters of $F_R$, $V_T$, and $V_M$.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2010

Pulmonary fibrosis is a common consequence of many lung diseases and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. One model used successfully to study pulmonary fibrosis over the past few decades is the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. We aimed to identify the genes associated with fibrogenesis using an Affymetrix GeneChip system in a bleomycin-induced rat model for pulmonary fibrosis. To confirm fibrosis development, several analyses were performed, including cellular evaluations using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, measurement of lactate dehydrogenase activity, and histopathological examinations. Common aspects of pulmonary fibrosis such as prolonged inflammation, immune cell infiltration, emergence of fibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix and connective tissue elements were observed. Global gene expression analysis revealed significantly altered expression of genes ($\geq$ 1.5-fold, p < 0.05.) in a time-dependent manner during the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Our results are consistent with previous results of well-documented gene expression. Interestingly, the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), and several proteases such as Tpsab1, Mcpt1, and Cma1 was considerably induced in the lung after bleomycin treatment, despite little evidence that they are involved in pulmonary fibrogenesis. These data will aid in our understanding of fibrogenic mechanisms and contribute to the identification of candidate biomarkers of fibrotic disease development.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.113-116
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• 1996

A previously healthy 59-year old male patient was admitted due to cough and abnormal chest x-ray. Cough started 5 months ago and persisted. Two months before admission, abnormality in chest PA was detected. He had no symptom other than cough. He was nonsmoker and physical examination revealed no abnormal finding. His chest X-ray showed ill-defined $2{\times}1\;cm$ ovoid infiltration in left middle lung field. On chest computed tomography, it was located in the subpleural region of posterobasal segment of left lower lobe. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy was absent. Blood test and sputum examination were not diagnostic. Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous needle biopsy revealed pulmonary cryptococcosis. After central nervous system involvement was excluded by spinal tap, oral ketoconazole therapy was started. The lesion decreased in size after 8 weeks of therapy and almost disappeared on follow-up chest X-ray 4 months later.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.465-469
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• 1998

Acute respiratory failure with diffuse pulmonary infiltration was occurred in a patient with malignant lymphoma 1month after the $8^{th}$ CHOP chemotherapy. The ground glass and consolidation appearances on chest C-T in this immunodeficient patient could be presented in many clinical situations such as pneumonia by opportunistic infections (fungal, parasites, viral, and usual bacterial pathogens), anti-tumor drug's pulmonary toxicity and tumor invasion. And the other diseases of acute interstitial pneumonitis, alveolar proteinosis, BOOP, puhnonary edema and alveolar hemorrhage, which could present the same radiological findings, should included in differential diagnosis. This patient was diagnosed as the opportunistic pneumonia by Pneumocystis carinii and probably Cytomegalovirus through bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy