• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.4 s.51
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• pp.62-69
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• 2005

This study shows the present conditions and the appraisal of Public-Toilet in ammusement park of Kangwon-Do. The areas of Public-Toilets are various from over $30m^2\;to\;230m^2$ and the construction costs are also various. The exterior designs aim at Provincial characteristics, traditional images, or modem minimal styles. The floor plans are usually symmetric forms by rectangular or circular spaces. There are some laws and manuals from related association to regulate Public-Toilet. By appraising with these laws and manuals we can notice that there are many problems to improve in Public-Toilet. As the survey, we can find that the unpreparedness of the cognition equipment about whether someone uses the public-toilet has most frequency in related laws. And by the laws about multipurpose toilet, the insufficiency of the accessing space to the chamber pot has most frequency. By the manual of related association, there are much more indications - for example, the unpreparedness of wind protection room or etiquette bell, so on - than by related laws. For the improvement of the culture In Public-Toilet, we should not only improve the related laws, but also activate the deliberation about the appropriate planning in Public-Toilet.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.16
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• pp.16-21
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• 1998

This study aims at developing the interior design method of Public Toilet in office building. There needs new concepts in Public Toilet where we felt dirty smelling and dismal in the past. And the behavior in the Public Toilet become various such as combing the hair making-up changing the clothes rinsing out mouth and so on. Nowadays The Public Toilet of office building shows indirectly the hierarchy and the management philosophy of its enterprise, This study treats with the design items such as unit space zoning plan lighting plan and air-conditioning plan and construction method of Public-Toilet in office building. As a result of this study the interior design methods of Public Toilet must reflect use of fitting material lighting plan user's needs and functional divide.(Powder Zone and Physiology Zone) These result will become basic data of future interior design in Public Toilet.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.1 s.54
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• pp.139-146
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• 2006

This study shows the floor plan types and the space composition of multi-used toilets in public-toilets of Choongchung-Do. The areas of multi-used toilets are various from 4.8m2 to 10.5m2 And there Is usually one multi-used toilet in one public-toilet, but some public-toilets have two multi-used toilets. Multi-used toilets have several equipments such as toilet stool, urinal, washstand, change diaper, chair for baby-care, toilet stool for child, urinal for child, so on. All the multi-used toilets have toilet stool and washstand, but urinal and change diaper were used restrictively, and chair for baby-care, toilet stool for child, urinal for child were used in few cases. There are six types how the multi-used toilets are located in public-toilets, five types of multi-used toilet forms, and five types how the equipments are installed in multi-used toilets. The dotted blocks are installed partially in line type, and partially in spot type. But some cases, there was no installation of dotted block. Auto-sliding door were usually applicated, and some other types of door system were used restrictively. This study offers not only the present conditions, but also the appropriate planning directions of the multi-used toilets.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2014

The inconvenient truth of sustainable public squat toilet culture varies among nationalities. This culture may be comfortable to the people of China, yet uncomfortable to the non-Chinese, according to the adequate environmental management in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), northern China. We conducted a series of field surveys and individual interviews (Chinese n = 1,000 and non-Chinese [foreign visitors] n = 100) on several aspects of the public squat toilet: structural properties, waste disposal methods, important factors, and overall satisfaction level. The significant factors in response to the public squat toilets were cleanliness, odor, toilet paper, temperature, soap, other facilities, and presence of cubicles. These factors should be policy priorities of the local government. In addition, 66.2% of Chinese and 91% of foreign visitors desired type E toilets (two full-high partition walls and a door). The results illustrate the nature of a sustainable and beautiful approach to the culturally and environmentally sound management of various types of public squat toilet in YKAP. The government needs to focus on the future-oriented and excreta treatment management of the sustainable toilet culture for residents and visitors of YKAP.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

This thesis analyzed the uniqueness of a toilet plane structure, centering on a case of Beautiful Public Toilet Construction Project under a project by Chungcheongnam-do and drew a conclusion as followings. Most of public toilets, constructed under a project by Chungcheongnam-do, were located in remains, tourist resorts, parks, and the outskirts of traditional markets. They were constructed at the selected location within an easy access of most user and plane structure was also designed so that the persons, in charge of management and maintenance, and the users could use them without difficulty. But some public toilets didn't establish the handicaps' toilet or made them difficult to sue due to location or size. The plane structure style was various such as a rectangular, stream line, or circle in accordance with location or building size. A circle-styled toilet offered a good view but didn't offer a good access or an effective space for users. In addition, when a handicapped person enters a toilet, he or she has to enter or go out of it through a sliding dor. So a constructor has to make progress of a work in accordance with this point.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of indicator organisms in essential sanitary ware in public restrooms. Methods: Twelve public restrooms were randomly selected. Samples at three locations (toilet seat, toilet flush handle/lever, and faucet handle) in the restrooms were collected with moistened-sterile cotton swabs and applied to media in order to determine aerobic colony count (ACC), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Results: Most of the samples taken in summer showed a higher level of ACC than those taken in winter (p<0.05). Female restrooms showed higher ACC levels on faucet handles and male restrooms on toilet flush handles/levers (p<0.05). Overall, faucet handles contained the greatest level of ACC, followed by toilet seats, whereas the least load was found on toilet flush handles/levers. The ACC level of samples in the restrooms in public parks, subway stations, and educational institutions varied. Total coliforms were identified in about 20% of toilet seats and faucet handles in male restrooms and faucet handles in female restrooms in summer. These locations were also the sites of positive results of E. coli isolation. Conclusions: The public restrooms were significantly more contaminated in summer than in winter. Overall, the most contaminated locations in the restrooms were toilet seats in male restrooms, and faucet handles in female restrooms. Poor hygienic status was indicated by the positive results of total coliforms and E. coli on samples from some sites. Therefore, sanitary control of restrooms should be improved. These results should be confirmed in a larger study that includes more public restrooms.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1473-1483
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• 2014

A public restroom is different from a household toilet in terms of location and a large number of sharing users. In addition, public restroom is usually messy and filthy. Recently, public toilet tends to be clearly managed than before, but it still has hygienic and clear problems. In this paper, we propose a machine-to-machine (M2M)-based public restroom management system to solve these problems, in which the system with a wireless communication device sends the status information of the toilet, such as blockage or trouble detected by a sensor, to the manager of the restroom at a remote location. In particular, we have developed a prototype management system for public restroom taking into account several system requirements, and verified the basic operations and performance of the management system. With the application of the system to public facilities, it will furnish users with more pleasant environments by restroom administrators who can respond effectively to the troubled toilet.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.15-20
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• 2022

This study is about the development of a device that reduces bacterial diffusion and odor by improving the water quality of the toilet using ozone water. In public toilets used by an unspecified number of people, various pollutants and pathogens are present in the toilet. These substances that are harmful to the human are dispersed in the form of aerosols into the air through toilet flushing. Aerosols containing various contaminants may flow into the user's respiratory tract or spread to the skin and cover, serving as a medium for various diseases. In order to prevent this spread, it is essential to continuously maintain cleanliness inside the toilet. Therefore, in this study, ozone water that can improve the water quality of the toilet was used as a way to keep the toilet environment clean. A device that is mounted in a toilet tank and continuously generates ozone water to improve pollutants inside the toilet was designed and developed.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.216-219
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• 2006

A change is performed in socially a lot of places by elevations about the quality of life. Most construction balls are created mainly to spaces for an individuality or a specific community, but a space for public convenience is the situation that will gain gradually. While these public space increases, there is a public toilet to an increasing trend too. Think about Cubic Puzzle that it is one total space, and put one function to each Module. The small-scale Cubic space achieves a lot of changes by any energies, and a small-scale space compounds through energies to affect mobile and expansion, and the changed Cubic space does diversification of suitable mobile toilet space configuration to a local need in order to look.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 2010

The excessive use of fossil fuel since the industrial revolution increased the level of $CO_2$(the main cause of global warming also known as the greenhouse gas) and lead by the first world countries actions toward decreasing the greenhouse gas are taking place world wide. Naturally finding and using new environment friendly energy in design is on the increase. Thus as one solution to these problems the following thesis suggests a public toilet with solar energy technology applied.