• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6511-6516
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• 2012

Recently, we reported that an ethanol extract of Iris nertschinskia induces p53-dependent apoptosis in the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. However, the detailed mechanisms were not fully explored. Here, we demonstrate another aspect of the activity of I. nertschinskia in breast cancer cells. We compared the response to an ethanol extract of I. nertschinskia in two different human breast cancer cell lines, Hs578Tand MDA-MB231, respectively with relatively low and high AKT1/2 activity by trypan blue exclusion assay and FACS analysis. Knockdown of endogenous AKT1 or AKT2 in breast cancer cells by RNA interference determined the sensitivity to I. nertschinskia ethanol extract compared to control cells. The I. nertschinskia ethanol extract induced cell death in a manner that depended on the level of phosphorylated AKT1/2 protein and was associated with a significant increase in the sub-G1 cell population, indicative of apoptosis. Our results indicate that an ethanol extract of I. nertschinskia differentially induces cell death in breast cancer cells depending on their level of phosphorylated AKT1/2.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 1985

To evaluate the health status of the aged in rural area, 476 men and women of 65 years old and older among the residents of Gunwee County in Kyungpook were examined at the county health center between 4th and 22nd of June, 1984. Physical examination included measuring height, weight, chest circumference and blood pressure and chest x-ray. Laboratory tests were done for serum cholesterol, glucose and GOT, and urine glucose and protein. The mean heights of male and female were 160${\pm}$7.0cm and 147.7${\pm}$6.9cm, respectively. The height decreased as the age increased. The mean body weight of male was 53.5${\pm}$7.8kg and 46.7${\pm}$7.5kg for female and the older, the eighter. The mean chest circumference of male was 85.4${\pm}$7.5cm and 79.5${\pm}$79cm for female and it had no remarkable differences by age group. The average height, body weight, chest circumference, and serum cholesterol level of the age 65 years and older in rural area were lower than the standard this may be due to undernutrition of the aged. The mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure of male were 75.9${\pm}$13.5 mmHg/126.3${\pm}$24.1 mmHg and those for female were 73.1${\pm}$13.9 mmHg/125.8${\pm}$32.4 mmHg. Both male an d female in the age group of 65-69 years showed the lowest mean blood pressure. Among the study population 18.3% the borderlin hypertension and 14.3% had hypertension. Average hemoglobin level of the male(12.5${\pm}$0.8 g/dl) was higher than that of the female(11.6${\pm}$0.8 g/dl) (p < 0.01). Mean serum G.O.T. level was 25.2${\pm}$8.7 IU for male and 23.6${\pm}$7.5 IU for female and all of the study population were within the normal range. Mean serum glucose level was 110.4${\pm}$16.0 mg/dl for the male and 110.5${\pm}$15.7 mg /dl for the female and 41.4% of the study population were above the normal limit of serum glucose level. However, there was only one person she had glycosuria. Hyperglycemia could be due to non-fasting before the test. Two of the study population had proteinuria and five persons (1.05%) were diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis by the chest x-ray.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12-24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B$_6$, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.61-0.94) was significantly negative [E (the legit) : -6.8644+0.1712$\times$T-0.2337$\times$R+0.1641$\times$A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1749-1752
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• 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC), now the third most common cancer across the world, is known to aggregate in families. USP7 is a very important protein with an important role in regulating the p53 pathway, which is critical for genomic stability and tumor suppression. We here genotyped eight SNPs within the USP7 gene and conducted a case-control study in 312 CRC patients and 270 healthy subjects in the Chinese Han population. No significant associations were found for any single SNP and CRC risk. Our data eliminate USP7 as a potential candidate gene towards for CRC in the Han Chinese population.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1996

Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as primary causative agents of dental caries by insoluble glucan (IG) in human and experimental animals. An attempt was made to search for the ${\alpha}$-1,3 glucanase that degrades IG produced by S. mutans. ${\alpha}$-1,3 glucanase was detected in the culture supernatant of microorganisms, which are isolated from soils on agar medium containing IG as a sole carbon source. This Streptomyces sp. hydrolysed IG produced by immobilized S. mutans and was named as Y9373. This enzyme required ${\alpha}$-1,3 glucan (IG) as an inducer. The optimum conditions for enzyme production were studied. The enzyme was purified by 30~70% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ precipitation, anion exchange chroma tography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sepadex G-75. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 7840.0 U/mg protein giving 32.1-fold purification and final yield of 0.53%. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 22.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme reaction were 6.5 and 37$^{\circ}C$, respectively and the enzyme was relatively stable at the temperature below 60$^{\circ}C$. The activity of purified enzyme was enhanced by adding $Co^{2+},\;Mn^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ into the medium, whereas inhibited by adding $Hg^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}$ and SDS. The $K_m\;and\;V_{max}$ value of ${\alpha}$-1,3 glucanase for IG were estimated to be 2.50 mM and 0.0431 mM/min, respectively. The thin layer chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates from IG with ${\alpha}$-1,3 glucanase showed that glucose was the main product of reaction. This enzyme activity was about 14 times higher than marketing dextranase as preventive agent against artificial dental caries by S. mutans in TH medium including 5% sucrose after 30 minutes.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Objectives The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of Ojeoksangamibang ($W\check{u}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) extract on recovery of liver function in carbontetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-exposed rat. Methods Male rats weighing $230{\pm}7.21g$ fed experimental diet for 1 week and 28 rats were divided into 4 groups. Each of 7 rats was devided into a control group and experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline (100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 3 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Ojeoksangamibang extracts (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 3 weeks. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-10). Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test with significance level at p<0.05. Results Plasma a-fetoprotein (AFP) and total protein concentration showed a tendency to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups. However, plasma albumin concentration showed no significant differences in all treatment groups. Activity of plasma Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups, increased addition amount of Ojeoksangamibang extracts tended to decline. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase (${\gamma}$-GT) activities showed a tendency to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups, increased addition amount of Ojeoksangamibang extracts tended to decline. Concentration of plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol showed a lower value than that of control group. The liver $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration were decreased, and IL-10 was increased in Ojeoksangamibang extract groups, compared to control group. Plasma $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration were decreased, and IL-10 was increased in Ojeoksangamibang extract groups, compared to control group. Conclusions This study suggested that Ojeoksangamibang may alleviate liver inflammatory reaction induced by liver toxicity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.40-53
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• 1976

This study was designed to comparse the metabolic effects of Korean diet pattern which contained all-polished rice and 70% polished rice, and to compare dietary restriction. The results were as follows. 1. Food intake survey to catch the Korean diet pattern The calory intake showed women took much more than men and farm village was higher than city, However, protein intake showed men were higher than women and decrease gradually from city, fishing village, and farm village. Calcium intake showed Seoul was the first rank of all, but was merely 70% of recommended quantities. Fe intake was greatly short especially in women and vitamin C also showed same situation. In the view of food group intake, grains and potatoes were 70.06%, vegetables and fruits 13.05%, meats fishes and beans 11.99%, respectivelly. Oil and fat intake showed lowest percentage as 0.77%. 2. Nutritional experiments albino rats have been fed for 7 weeks with three different diet: all-polished rice diet, 70% polished rice diet, and the standard diet for contral group. Dietary restriction were at 4 levels: 5% , 10%, 15%, 20% in 70% polished rice det. Body weight of 70% polished rice group gained value compare to all polished rice group. In the final organ weight all-polished rice group and 70% polished rice group and 70% polished rice group revealed similar results, but organ weight almost decreased dued to dietary restriction and statistical data showed significant differences between dietary restriction group and none-restriction group. In the femur length, 70% polished rice group was longer than all polished rice group but there was no significant differences. The nitrogen content of liver and muscle of 70% polished rice group was higher than all-polished rice group. Furthermone there was significant differences in the female (P<0.1). In the 10% restriction group(female) and 15% restriction group(male), nitrogen retention was higher than 0% restriction group. The other biochemical analysis such as liver lipid, serum cholesterol, glucose of urine, feces and serum were not revealed any significant differences. As a result of studying, it seems clear that 70% polished rice intake influenced much nourshment to white rat growth than all-porished rice intake, and there is no significant influence to animal growth and metabolic effect even if it was restricted $5{\sim}10%$ of diet.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1998

For the effective utilization of by-products from pollack, Theragra chalcogramma, processing, low salt fermented pollack tripe were produced and changes in taste compounds of low salt fermented pollack tripe during the controlled freezing point aging were investigated. No significant changes in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were found during aging. The volatile base nitrogen of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased steadily as aging progressed. Contents of amino nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds of extract reached a peak in 50 days of aging, as 190.7 mg% and 2085.8 mg%, respectively. Inosine(HxR) of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased as controlled freezing point aging progressed for 60 days. 18 species of amino acid were detected in raw pollack tripe and law salt fermented pollack tripe aged for 50 days. The major amino acids were tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, lycine, leucine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in raw pollack tripe. After 50 days aging, increase of a series of bitter taste amino acid such as methionine, valine and isoleucine were higher than other amino acids.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2008

Calreticulin (CRT) is one of the major $Ca^{2+}$ binding chaperone proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an unusual luminal ER protein. Postnatally elevated expression of CRT leads to impaired development of the cardiac conductive system and may be responsible for the pathology of complete heart block. In this study, the molecular mechanisms that affect $Ca^{2+}$-dependent signal cascades were investigated using CRT-overexpressing cardiomyocytes. In particular, we asked whether calreticulin plays a critical role in the activation of $Ca^{2+}$-dependent apoptosis. In the cells overexpressing CRT, the intracellular calcium concentration was significantly increased and the activity of PKC and level of SECAR2a mRNA were reduced. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERKs decreased compared to control. In addition the activity of the anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl-2, was decreased and the activities of pro-apoptotic factor, Bax, p53 and caspase 8 were increased, leading to a dramatic augmentation of caspase 3 activity. Our results suggest that enhanced CRT expression in mature cardiomyocytes disrupts intracellular calcium regulation, leading to calcium-dependent apoptosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.386-391
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• 2017

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an ethnopharmacological plant that is traditionally used to improve the body's immune functions and ameliorate the symptoms of various diseases. However, the antitumorigenic effects of KRG and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood in terms of its individual components. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antitumorigenic activities of KRG were explored in water extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF), and nonsaponin fraction (NSF). Methods: In vitro antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF of KRG were investigated in the C6 glioma cell line using cytotoxicity, migration, and proliferation assays. The underlying molecular mechanisms of KRG fractions were determined by examining the signaling cascades of apoptotic cell death by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The in vivo antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF were investigated in a xenograft mouse model. Results: SF induced apoptotic death of C6 glioma cells and suppressed migration and proliferation of C6 glioma cells, whereas WE and NSF neither induced apoptosis nor suppressed migration of C6 glioma cells. SF downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) in C6 glioma cells but had no effect on the expression of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Moreover, SF treatment resulted in activation of caspase-3 as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3. Finally, WE, SF, and NSF exhibited in vivo antitumorigenic activities in the xenograft mouse model by suppressing the growth of grafted CT-26 carcinoma cells without decreasing the animal body weight. Conclusion: These results suggest that WE, SF, and NSF of KRG are able to suppress tumor growth via different molecular and cellular mechanisms, including induction of apoptosis and activation of immune cells.