• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.478-485
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• 2010

The vaccine is biological pretreatment that improves immunity to a particular disease. We can get immunity from producing antibody with injection antigen which has ability to defense against the disease. The ELISA is the most widely used method to measure antibody titer. We have developed and performed validation of ELISA according to the guideline of KFDA and ICH. In this paper, we have verified ELISA method is an excellent method to measure the titer of anti-PA antibody. We have constructed recombinant protective antigen among anthrax toxins and used as antigen of ELISA. In this validation, we have evaluated precision (repeatability, interlaboratory precision), specificity, linearity(range) and LOD, which are validation articles suggested by guideline. Inter-person precision was replaced with inter-laboratory precision. From the results, we have confirmed high precision in all experiments with CV under 20%.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.246-254
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• 2016

The objective of the present study is to determine whether blue honeysuckle lyophilized concentrated powder (BH) has favorable effects on hypothyroidism and related reproductive organ damage. Hypothyroidism was induced by 9 subcutaneous administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) for 28 days. Levothyroxine (LT4)-treated group was intraperitoneally injected with LT4 for the same period, while for BH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) or Flos Lonicerae lyophilized aqueous extract (LF, 250 mg/kg)-treated groups, the test materials were orally administrated for 42 days: two weeks before PTU injection and during PTU administration. The changes in serum thyroid hormone levels, serum male sex hormone levels, and testis antioxidant defense system were observed by histopathology of the thyroid gland, epididymis, prostate, and testis. The oral administrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of BH showed favorable effects compared to LF on hypothyroidism and related damages of reproductive organs through augmentation of the antioxidant defense system in the testis. In conclusion, BH is a promising new potent thyroid gland protecting agent.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2000

The present study was designed to assess the protective effect of a selective thromboxane $A_2$ receptor antagonist, KT2-962 (KT2) and possible mechanisms of adriamycin(AD)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The male Wistar rats were given either of AD (7.5 mg/kg, i.v.) alone in the AD-group (n=5) or in KT2+AD- group (n=5) which is a combination of AD and KT2 (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 10 days from 3 days before and 7 days after AD injection. The body weight, 24-hours urine volume, urine protein and urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glu-cosaminidase (NAG) activity were measured with an interval of 2 days during 1 week. BUN, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured on the 7th day. KT2 has significantly suppressed AD-induced change of body weight, 24-hours urine volume, urine protein and urinary NAG activity in the KT2+AD-group. The change of BUN, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were significantly inhibited in the B7T2+AD-group. Based on these results, it is concluded that KT2 prevents AD-induced nephrotoxicity and suggests that endogenous thromboxane A2 may play an important role in AD-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2023

Fungal keratitis is a refractory kind of keratopathy. We attempted to investigate the antiinflammatory role of thymol on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Wound healing and fluorescein staining of the cornea were applied to verify thymol's safety. Mice models of A. fumigatus keratitis underwent subconjunctival injection of thymol. The anti-inflammatory roles of thymol were verified by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, slit lamp observation, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting. In contrast with the DMSO group, more transparent corneas and less inflammatory cells infiltration were detected in mice treated with 50 ㎍/ml thymol. Thymol downregulated the synthesis of TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB, IL-1β, NLRP3, caspase 1, caspase 8, GSDMD, RIPK3 and MLKL. In summary, we proved that thymol played a protective part in A. fumigatus keratitis by cutting down inflammatory cells aggregation, downregulating the TLR4/ MyD88/ NF-kB/ IL-1β signal expression and reducing necroptosis and pyroptosis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1990

Cryptosporidium, a coccidian parasite first described by Tyzzer (1907) from a laboratory mouse, has become an important human enteric pathogen causing overwhelming diarrhea especially in immunocompromised patients such as AIDS. This parasite has been reported from over 20 countries and is recognized as a cosmopolitan species. In Korea, however, thEre has been no report on human as well as animal cryptosporidiosis. This study was performed so as to verify the presence of Cryptosporidium in Korea by activating the parasite from laboratory mice by immunosuppression. Total 65 conventionally.bred ICR mice including a control (5 mice) and 3 experimental groups (20 each) were used for this study. Group I was immunosuppressed with Prednisolone injection (1 mg IM, every other day) for 7 weeks. Group II (prednisolone injection and tetracycline administration) and Group III. (prednisolone injection and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration) were prepared to observe the effect of antibacterial agents on the activation of cryptosporidiosis. In fecal examinations of mice Cryptosporidium oocysts($4-6{\mu\textrm{m}}$ in size) were detected from 1 week after the start of immunosuppression and the mice began to die. In H-E stained tissue sections of the lower jejunum, numerous very small ($2~4{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$), dense, ovoid or spherical, slightly basophilic bodies were seen attached on the free border of mucosal epithelial cells. In scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations, these organisms were identified as various developmental stages of Cryptosperidium. The species is considered to be C. parvum. Cryptosporidiosis was activated not only in Group I but also in Group II and III, indicating no protective effects of the antibacterial agents used, although the mice in Group II and III lived longer than those in Group I. The present study confirmed that Cryptosporidium exists in laboratory mice bred in Korea, and predicts possible occurrence of human cryptosporidiosis in Korea.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1996

The effect of $\beta$-glucan administration on the resistance of Korean catfish(Silurus asotus) to experimental Edwardsiella ictaluri and Aeromonas hydrophila infection was evaluated. Fish were either intraperitoneally received $\beta$-glucan($200\sim1000{\mu}g$/100g body weight) dissolved in physiological saline once or twice at an intervals of 3 days, or placed in $\beta$-glucan bath($100{\mu}g/m\ell$) prepared with filtered tap water for 30 or 60 min. Bacterial challenge was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 ml of bacteria suspension($2{\times}10^7 CFU/m\ell$) 3 days after $\beta$-glucan administration. The $\beta$-glucan injected fish showed an significantly enhanced resistance against experimental infections. The resistance was much higher in the twice-injected fish than in the once-injected fish. But glucan bath did not affect survival rate after the challenge. The protective effect in the $\beta$-glucan injected fish was higher to A. hydrophila than to E. ictaluri. These results indicate that $\beta$-glucan injection can increase the resistance of Korean catfish against experimental E. ictaluri and A. hydrophila infection and that twice injection of $\beta$-glucan at an 3 day-intervals is more effective to the resistance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.172-182
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• 2016

This study is a descriptive survey research conducted to examine the influence of learning efficacy on nursing students' self-confidence. Research subjects included a total of 231 university students in D city, and the data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. The study results were as follows: Learning experience was high in the order of vital sign check, intramuscular injection, and subcutaneous injection. Recognition of importance was also high in the order of vein therapy, intramuscular injection, and vital sign check. Self-confidence was high in the order of vital sign check and wearing of protective equipment. As for the learning experience, there were significant differences depending on the students' school year. As for the correlation among all variants, 'learning experience of nursing skills', 'self-confidence', 'learning self-efficacy', and 'self-efficacy' had a positive correlation with each other. Based on these study results, it is necessary to develop an educational strategy that ensures students' education of self-efficacy and improvement of their learning experience to enhance their self-confidence.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 1968

Male rats of the Albino strain received methylene blue in the dose of 40mg/kg by subcutaneous injection and were subjected to total body X-irradiation, 300 roentgen, at 30 minutes after the injection. The protective effect of methylene blue against the single total body X-irradiation was studied for 24 days after X-irradiation with regard to the levels of liver glycogen, blood glucose, and electrolytes in serum. 1. Total body X-irradiation generally casued an increase in the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose in both methylene blue treated and control group during the entire experiment. 2. Methylene blue has been shown to delay slightly the increase of the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose when comparing with both groups which were given methylene blue and control saline injection before irradiation in the rats. 3. The delay in the increase in the levels of liver glycogen, in experimental group injected with methylene blue, significantly came in two phases. The first phase appeared at there days after the exposure, the second followed at eighth day. It appeared that the recovery phase was at nineteenth day. 4. During the experimental days the levels of the blood glucose increased generally, methylene blue, however, caused delay in two phases; the first at fifth day, the second at eighteenth day after the exposure to X-rays. 5. In electrolytes, there was not a significant difference. The levels of chloride were, however, slightly decreased in both groups, levels of potassium appeared different in two phases at first day and twelfth day, and the levels of sodium appeared to show irregular changes at the same levels, but there was no significant difference. 6. It may be considered that methylene blue greatly reduces the sensitivity of rats to X-rays, provided that methylene blue is given before the exposure.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 1998

Purpose : We performed this study to evaluate the immune responses and protective efficacies of the HBV vaccine in infants born from hepatitis B virus(HBV) carrier mothers. Methods : Seventy eight infants born from HBV carrier mothers, who were able to follow up for 12months in the Catholic University St. Vincents hospital, were involved in this study from July 1995 to December 1996. Samples were collected at birth, 4, 8 and 12months after injection of HBIG and HBV heat-inactivated plasma derived vaccines. We evaluated the changes and relationships of viral markers detecting by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay between HBV carrier mothers and their infants. Results : 1) A total of 5.0%(106/2,117) of pregnant women were found to be a HBV carrier. The rates of HBeAg positive and negative were 38.5%(37/96) and 61.5%(59/96), respectively. 2) The seroconversion rates of anti-HBs with infants of HBV carrier mothers at 4, 8 and 12 months were 85.9%(67/78), 75.6%(59/78) and 73.1%(57/78), respectively. Although these were statistically significant differences(P<0.05), they were not related to HBeAg status of the mothers. The geometric mean titers of anti-HBs at 8 and 12 months were significantly higher than at 4 months, statistically(P<0.05). The protective efficacy of the HBV vaccine and HBIG at 12 months in infants from HBeAg positive and negative mothers were 89.8% and 100%, respectively. 3) Five of 78(6.4%) infants became infected by HBV from only HBeAg positive mothers during the follow up period of 12 months. Three of 5 infected infants became HBV carriers. HBsAg positive at birth from HBeAg positive and negative mother were 4 infants, respectively. Three of 4 infants became infected by HBV from only HBeAg positive mothers. Conclusion : We confirmed that the seroconversion rate of HBV heat-inactivated plasma derived vaccine which was one of other vaccines manufacturing in Korea was 85.9%. The protective efficacy of this HBV vaccine and HBIG at 12 months in infants from HBeAg positive and negative mothers were 89.8% and 100%, respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1081-1086
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the medicinal effects of the herbal combination extracts-2 (HCE-2), consisting of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on the alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group (n =6), non-treated control group (n =6), saline-treated group (n =6) and the herbal combination extract (HCE-2)-treated group (n =6). The rats in the alcohol-loaded groups were orally administered with ethanol at a daily dose of 4 g/kg-body weight for 5 weeks. Thirty minutes before the ethanol injection, saline or herbal combination extracts was administered by using a gastrogavage. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken out from the hearts and livers of the rats, respectively, on 15th and 38th days. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also investigated the protective effect of the herbal combination extracts by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining on histological sections of rat liver. In this study, the oral administration of the herbal combination extracts significantly reduced the serum levels of AST and ALT, which had been raised by alcohol-induced liver injury. Histological analysis and apparent observation of liver also showed the preventive effect of the herbal combination extracts in a chronic alcohol-induced rat model. Theses results revealed that the herbal combination extracts effectively prevented hepatic damage consequent to the chronic exposure to repetitive administration of ethanol and could be used as a primary resource of a health beverage or herbal medicine, alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatic injury and hangover symptoms.