• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.2124-2139
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• 2023

In this article, the authors focus on the use of smart CCTV, a combnation of biometric recognition technology and AI algorithms. In fact, the advancements in relevant technologies brought a significant increase in the use of biometric information - fingerprint, retina, iris or facial recognition - across diverse sectors. Both the public and private sectors, with the developments of biometric technology, widely adopt and use an individual's biometric information for different reasons. For instance, smartphone users highly count on biometric technolgies for the purpose of security. Public and private orgazanitions control an access to confidential information-controlling facilities with biometric technology. Biometric infomration is known to be unique and immutable in the course of one's life. Given the uniquness and immutability, it turned out to be as reliable means for the purpose of authentication and verification. However, the use of biometric information comes with cost, posing a privacy issue. Once it is leaked, there is little chance to recover damages resulting from unauthorized uses. The governments across the country fully understand the threat to privacy rights with the use of biometric information and AI. The EU and the United States amended their data protection laws to regulate it. South Korea aligned with them. Yet, the authors point out that Korean data aprotection law still requires more improvements to minimize a concern over privacy rights arising from the wide use of biometric information. In particular, the authors stress that it is necessary to amend Section (2) of Article 23 of PIPA to reflect the concern by changing the basis for permitting the processing of sensitive information from 'the Statutes' to 'the Acts'.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.78-84
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• 2008

Inundation of substation and ground power equipment broke out every summer season in low-lying downtown and low-lying shore by localized heavy rain, typhoon and tidal wave. In case inundation excluding the exchanging cost of equipment, it occurs a great economic and social loss owing to recovery time and events of electric shock occur by inundation electrical facility. So we researched the installation situation of substation and power equipment and inundation loss at Flood Danger Area. And we analyzed refutation or law relating to the flood protection counterplan of US, England Australia. We present flood protection countermeasures by survey and analyzing the internal standard and his paper will be used to resent a reform proposal of electrical feinted law about flood protection.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.77
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• pp.69-89
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• 2018

The United States of America is one of the most favoring countries in which mandatory pre-arbitration clauses in the form of adhesion contract have been widely recognized and supported by courts and the Federal Arbitration Act. However, after the financial crisis in 2008 and the National Arbitration Forum scandal in 2009, in enacting the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ('Dodd-Frank Act'), Section 1028(a) of the Act requires the newly created Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to provide Congress with a report on "the use of agreements providing for arbitration of any future dispute between covered persons and consumers". Section 1028(b) also grants the CFPB the authority to "prohibit or impose conditions or limitations on the use of an agreement between a covered person and a consumer for a consumer financial product or service providing for arbitration of any future dispute between the parties, if the Bureau finds that such a prohibition or imposition of conditions or limitations is in the public interest and for the protection of consumers." Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB issued a report entitled "2015 Arbitration Study: Report to Congress 2015 (Report)" in March 2015. This paper examines some major legal issues of the Report and makes a few recommendations for Korean financial institutions which entered into the U.S. financial market or has a plan to do so in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

This study intends to discuss the system improvement of landscape architecture field in the cultural heritage protection system, which is changing continuously. The results are as follows. First, the status of landscape architecture in cultural heritage, including natural monuments and scenic sites, must be defined. If possible, careful consideration should be given to establish the natural monuments law and scenic sites law, respectively, related to landscape architecture. Second, natural heritage must be preserved by focusing on "space" to include cultural artifacts and landscapes that may be missing through the method of "object" focused protection. Institutionally, the scope of work should be clearly shared by reviewing the redundancy and interrelationship of related laws. Third, in order to protect and manage natural heritage, a department that is wholly responsible for landscape architecture should be established independently at the Cultural Heritage Administration. Fourth, the landscape architecture field should be specified as the requirements for the commissioner of commission at the Cultural Heritage Protection Act. In addition, it is necessary to improve the system such as expending the roles of the repairing technician for landscape architecture and plants in the Cultural Heritage Protection Act.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.75-112
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• 2010

This article analyses the concept of medicine in the legal context. It is not easy to define the concept of medicine because medical practice has various dimensions and the situation in which the practice is performed has a broad variety. The duty of medical law is to build the boundary of protection in that the nature of medicine would not be distorted by the factors of social systems like industry or governmental authorities. Without understanding the various dimensions - especially the dimension of Humanities and Sociology - of the medicine it is not possible to draw the limit on the performance of medicine appropriately. Concerning the medical practice (especially in the context of the regulation of medical licence), the enacted law (Medical Act) defines the concept just for form's sake and it finally depends on the interpretation of the legal enforcement authorities. Moreover, between the judgments of the courts there exists no coherent principles for the regulation and the interpretation of the Medical Act depends often on the riskiness, the abstract concept, which finally leads the interpretation to depend on the subject of the practice. On the contrary, the development and scientific movement of the technology tends to tighten the range of the medical professionals of medical practice and the perspectives of the medicine. Medical act is actually oriented at the patient's understanding of him- or herself. The above-mentioned tendency of the interpretation and the legal policy could lead the medicine away from its nature.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.359-367
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• 2003

The total pollution load management system of watershed has been implemented upon Special Law pertaining to the Han River Watershed Water Quality Improvement and Residents Support, Special Law pertaining to the Nakdong River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support, Special Law pertaining to the Youngsan River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support, and Special Law pertaining to the Seomjin River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support in Korea since 2002. But many other similar systems with total pollution load management system of watershed are being operated separately or independently, even though its purpose is nearly same with those of the total maximum pollutants load management in Law on Water Quality Environmental Protection, environmental impact assessment(EIA) in Law of Impact Assessment on Environment, Transportation and Disaster and Pre-environmental assessment of Environmental Policy Act. Therefore the contents of total pollution load management system of watershed and many other related systems could be overlapped and at some times have inconsistency among them. This study suggests first the integrated operation of total pollution load management system of watershed, EIA, pre-environmental assessment, urban planning, and sewage planning and secondly EIA system development by integration of EIA and pre-environmental assessment and strategic environmental assessment(SEA).

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.199-203
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• 2022

The article aims at studying the institution of human rights and civil freedoms with due regard to the anthropological approach in the theory of law. To the greatest extent, the provisions of non-classical legal science are confirmed in the Anglo-Saxon legal family, which endows the judge with law-making functions. In this regard, the role of a person in the legal sphere is increasing. The main research method was deduction used to study the anthropological approach to the institution of human rights and freedoms. The article also utilizes the inductive method, the method of systematic scientific analysis, comparative legal and historical methods. To solve the task set, the authors considered the legal foundations and features of human rights and freedoms in the modern world. The article proves that the classical legal discourse, represented by various types of interpretation, reduces the rule of law to the analysis of its logical structure and does not answer the questions posed. It is concluded that the prerequisite for the anthropological approach in the theory of law is the use of human-like concepts in modern legislation (guilt, justice, peculiar ferocity, child abuse, willful evasion, conscientiousness).

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.299-304
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• 2024

Human rights problem of refugee is the most important task to be solved in the international society. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established in 1950, with the need for cooperation in the face of the European refugee crisis. In 1951, 'The 1951 refugee convention' was signed for the protection of all refugees. Since the 1951 Refugee Convention, a legal framework has been established for responding to refugees. However, the discrimination and persecution of refugees are still lingering. The interest and the political will of many people in the world are needed to solve this problem. This article analyzes what efforts should be made with respect to human rights issues. This article concludes that, when comparing refugee acceptance and Korea, Korea needs to look at the common denominator of refugee law, human rights law, and international humanitarian law while looking at the treatment of refugees and displaced people from an inclusive approach, and reorganize law and policy. Since Korea is expected to gradually require inclusive policies, Korea should also supplement the legal system and take an inclusive approach. Although Korea as a member of the Refugee Convention, the Geneva Convention, and the Supplementary Protocol, has an obligation to enact domestic implementation laws, it does not reflect all of the obligations required by these conventions, so reorganization is needed.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.95-113
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• 2016

Personal information processing works, including resident registration number is common to be consigned by IT specialized company due to high level expertise and tremendous cost. The accident related to personal information is increasing and most of accidents are caused by the consignee's leaking information. According to the Inspection of personal information protection and the management level diagnosis of personal information protection, public Institutions need to build the consignee's accident prevention and personal information management system as soon as possible. In this paper, the efficient enhancement ways for the personal information protection is studied. We analyze the law of business consignment and select basic management items related with personal information protection, and propose a analysis scheme for management level of personal information protection and a enhancement scheme for management system of personal information protection. This paper suggests consignee's management system of personal information protection for the enhancement way and the three Strengthening ways in law. To compose the a enhancement scheme for management system of personal information protection, we conduct questionnaire survey to 30 consignees(IT maintenance, notice printing, call center, welfare center) related to typical tasks of public organizations, present reference for this scheme, and execute verification of this scheme by focus group interview of consignor and consignee.