• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.609-626
• /
• 2020

Satellite-based land surface temperature (LST) has been used as one of the major parameters in various climate and environmental models. Especially, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST is the most widely used satellite-based LST product due to its spatiotemporal coverage (1 km spatial and sub-daily temporal resolutions) and longevity (> 20 years). However, there is an increasing demand for LST products with finer spatial resolution (e.g., 10-250 m) over regions such as urban areas. Therefore, various methods have been proposed to produce high-resolution MODIS-like LST less than 250 m (e.g., 100 m). The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and challenges for the downscaling of MODIS LST. Based on the recent literature survey for the past decade, the downscaling techniques classified into three groups-kernel-driven, fusion-based, and the combination of kernel-driven and fusion-based methods-were reviewed with their pros and cons. Then, five open issues and challenges were discussed: uncertainty in LST retrievals, low thermal contrast, the nonlinearity of LST temporal change, cloud contamination, and model generalization. Future research directions of LST downscaling were finally provided.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제72권
• /
• pp.81-113
• /
• 2016

The adoption of the YAR 2016 brings to an end the 12 years of uncertainty for shipowners and Marine insurers which followed the adoption of the YAR 2004, which did not have the support of shipowners, and which were very rarely used in preference to the well-established and well understood YAR 1994. The development and finalisation of the YAR 2016 is the product of an extensive review undertaken by the IWG with input from the International Group, international average adjusting community, National Maritime Law Associations, the International Chamber of Shipping, BIMCO and IUMI amongst others. The Group clubs welcome and support the adoption of the YAR 2016 and recommend its incorporation in members' future shipping contracts. The Club will be taking steps to adopt logical changes to the 2017 Rules. In the meantime, this circular serves as confirmation Club cover extends to all shipping contracts incorporating YAR 2016. This study analyse the adjustment practice of general average according to the application of YAR 2016.

• 경영과학
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.123-143
• /
• 2004

Internet shoppers interact with Internet shopping mall systems while they shop. To understand why Internet shoppers make purchase, this study view Internet shopping malls as information systems. Although this view point seems reasonable, little previous studies employing this perspective are found in the relevant literature. This study develops a research model where Internet shoppers' transaction intentions are affected by the mediating effects of trust and satisfaction. Trust can mitigate uncertainty of the e-commerce environment for consumers, and satisfaction is widely used to measure the effectiveness of information systems. Therefore, we consider them as key elements in this study. We further employ the construct of website quality to explain why shoppers have different levels of trust and satisfaction. We classify website quality into information quality, system quality. and design quality. We collected 282 survey responses from Internet shoppers who have prior experiences with Internet shopping malls to purchase a product or service. The survey data are used to empirically test the proposed nine research hypotheses using LISREL. The LISREL results indicate that information quality and design quality have significant impact on both satisfaction and trust, while system quality has little relation to trust level. Further, trust is shown to have significant influence on satisfaction. Finally. both trust and satisfaction is strongly related to the future transaction intention.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.310-323
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we extend the multiple time scale control framework to window-based congestion control, in particular, TCP This is performed by interfacing TCP with a large tine scale control nodule which adjusts the aggressiveness of bandwidth consumption behavior exhibited by TCP as a function of "large time scale" network state. i.e., conformation that exceeds the horizon of the feedback loop as determined by RTT Our contribution is threefold. First, we define a modular extension of TCP-a function call with a simple interface-that applies to various flavors of TCP-e.g., Tahoe, Reno, Vegas and show that it significantly improves performance. Second, we show that multiple time scale TCP endows the underlying feedback control with preactivity by bridging the uncertainty gap associated with reactive controls which is exacerbated by the high delay-bandwidth product in broadband wide area networks. Third, we investigate the influence of three traffic control dimensions-tracking ability, connection duration, and fairness-on performance. Performance evaluation of multiple time scale TCP is facilitated by a simulation bench-mark environment which is based on physical modeling of self-similar traffic.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.851-861
• /
• 2021

This study aims to explore the specific risks in family small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and explain how they manage these risks to sustain and expand. In Indonesia, family business composes around 95 percent of all businesses and contributes about 80 percent to the country's economy. SMEs contribute approximately 57.8 percent to the nation's gross domestic product. Risk management poses challenges to the family business's survival, as family members do not take actions on risk. The assessment of risk is difficult and family businesses lack the ability to determine risk management priorities, including risk management review processes to evaluate risk, thus leading to family business failures. Applying the case study approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven family SMEs comprising fifteen informants. Additionally, a focus group discussion consisting of three experts is conducted to reaffirm the findings from the interviews, observations, and field notes. The research identified the specific risks and how the family owners strategize to safeguard against these risks such as cash flow deficiency, operations dysfunction, cultural frailty, disharmony, transgenerational entrepreneurship failure, political uncertainty, and unprofessionalism. Comprehending these risks and their strategic decisions elucidated in this research could enable the family owners and key non-family professionals to work hand-in-hand to thrive over the family business risks together. Further avenues of research regarding family business risk management are also suggested in this study.

• 마케팅과학연구
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.247-269
• /
• 2007

현대에 있어 동질적인 품질과 편익을 제공하는 제품을 가지고 다수의 기업들이 시장점유율 증대와 고객확보를 위하여 치열한 경쟁을 벌이고 있는 가운데 가격할인은 기업이 즐겨 사용하는 촉진수단이다. 가격할인은 단기적 매출향상, 소비자의 브랜드전환, 신제품의 시장침투 등의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 사용된다. 실제로 과거의 실증연구에 의하면 다양한 형태의 가격할인이 판매증대에 효과적이며 가격할인은 소비자의 지각가치를 증가시킨다고 하였다. 하지만 할인된 가격은 제품의 품질을 의심하게 하거나 낮게 평가하는 부정적인 효과가 있다는 사실이 밝혀졌으며, 모든 제품카테고리와 모든 구매상황에 대하여 가격할인이 소비자의 지각가치를 향상시킨다고 볼 수 없다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 브랜드애호도의 차이가 있는 제품을 대상으로 가격할인율에 따라 소비자의 지각가치에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 연구함으로서 브랜드애호도의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 브랜드애호도가 강한 제품에 대한 지각획득가치와 지각거래가치는 가격할인율이 낮을 때 보다 큰 경우에 증가할 것으로 예측하였으나 분석결과 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났는데, 이것은 브랜드애호도가 강한 경우에는 가격할인에 의한 지각희생의 감소량이 크지 않았고 브랜드 자체에 대한 신뢰도와 속성에 대한 만족도가 높기 때문에 가격인하가 브랜드선택에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다는 것을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 반면 브랜드애호도가 약한 제품에 대한 지각획득가치와 지각거래가치는 가격할인율이 낮을 때 보다 큰 경우에 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 브랜드애호도가 약한 경우에는 제품으로부터 획득하게 되는 편익에 대한 만족도와 신뢰도가 낮은데 이러한 특성을 고려해보면 가격할인이 클 때에 제품의 품질과 편익을 더욱 평가절하하거나 심리적으로 지각희생의 크기가 증가됨에 따라 지각가치가 감소되었음을 의미한다고 할 수 있다.

• 기술혁신학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.650-671
• /
• 2013

제품은 소비자의 니즈를 충족시킴으로서 소비자의 구매행동을 이끌어내게 되며, 결국 제품은 니즈속성의 조합으로 인식된다. R&D란 이러한 니즈속성을 충족시키기 위한 일련의 기술개발 활동으로 정의할 수 있으며, 시장 지향적 R&D 시대에는 니즈속성에 기반을 둔 R&D를 전개함으로서 그 정당성을 얻을 수 있다. 이에 본 고에서는 소비자의 니즈속성을 통해 R&D 영역의 우선순위를 찾아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 소비자가 인식하는 특정 제품의 속성(기능)에 대한 중요성 정도와 그 속성을 충족시키기 위한 기술속성의 시급성에 따라 바람직한 단계별 R&D 진화 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 융합제품으로서의 SMART TV를 대상으로 SMART TV분야의 R&D 우선순위를 도출하였다. 분석결과를 통해 향후 SMART TV 제품컨셉은 4단계로 진화(대형화면/고화질 TV, 개방형/참여형 TV, 실감형 TV, 개인화 TV)될 것으로 인식된다. 이러한 결과는 복수의 니즈속성을 가진 제품이 진화하는 과정에서, 시장에서 요구되는 니즈속성을 우선적으로 충족시키는 R&D를 추구함으로써 제품의 성공가능성을 제고할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다. 또한 R&D전략의 측면에서 R&D로드맵을 설계하는데 유용한 분석 틀을 제공한다.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2014

In this paper, we propose a pioneering concept of DPD(Disaster Prevention Design) to realize a securable society in the future. Features of danger in the future society are expected to be diverse, abrupt occurring, large scale, and complicated ways. Due to increment of dangers with their features of uncertainty, interactivity, complexity, and accumulation, human-oriented design concept naturally participates in activities to prevent our society against disasters effectively. We presented DPD is an essential design activity in order to cope with dangers expected in the future societies as well as realize securable environments. DPD is also an integrated design aids including preemptive protections, rapid preparing, recovery, and interactive cooperation. We also expect these activities of DPD is effective for generation of new values in the market, satisfaction of social needs, expansion of design industry, and a novel chance for development in the future society. Throughout this paper, we submit various aspects of DPD concepts including definition, classification, scope, necessity, strategy, influencing elements, process, and its principle. We expect these concepts will be the seed and/or basement of DPD research for the future works. For the direction of study for DPD in the future, we emphasize alarm system for preemptive protection rather than recovery strategy for the damage occurred. We also need to research about progressive prevention techniques and convergence with other areas of design. In order to transfer the concept of product design from facility-oriented mechanism to human-oriented one, we should develop new kinds of city basis facilities, public-sense design concepts referred to social weak-party, e-Learning content design preparing disasters, and virtual simulation design etc. On the other hand, we have to establish laws and regulations to force central and/or provincial governments to have these DPD strategies applying their regional properties. Modern design activities are expanding to UI(user interface) content design area overcoming the conventional design concept of product and/or service. In addition, designers are recognized as art directors or life stylists who will change the human life and create the social value. DPD can be divided into prevention design, preparedness design, response design, and recovery design. Five strategies for successful DPD are Precaution-oriented, Human-oriented, Sense-oriented, Legislation, and Environment Friendly Strategies.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.585-597
• /
• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 가동 시간과 생산량에 있어서 무작위 변동을 일으키는 공정 시스템에서 최종 제품의 수요를 만족하는 공정-저장조 망구조의 최적용량을 결정하는 문제의 해석적인 해를 유도하는 것이다. 여기서 논의되는 공장의 구조는 회분식 공정과 저장조가 병렬 또는 직렬로 연결된 망구조를 구성하고 있다. 생산공정은 다수의 원료물질을 다수의 제품으로 일정 비율로 전환한다. 최종제품의 수요는 주문주기와 물량이 무작위 변동을 일으킨다. 일부 생산공정은 생산량에 있어서 무작위 변동을 일으키며, 오염된 물질은 재생공정이나 폐기과정을 거쳐서 처리된다. 다른 공정들은 모두 가동시간이 무작위로 변한다. 최적화의 목적함수는 총비용을 최소화하는 것인데, 여기서 총비용은 준비비와 재고 유지비 그리고 공정과 저장조의 자본비용으로 구성되어 있다. 새로운 생산 재고 분석도구인 사각파 모형은 무작위 흐름의 상한값과 하한값을 계산하는 도형적 방법을 제공한다. 이 모형의 장점은 공정과 저장조 사이의 무작위 흐름을 사실적으로 묘사하면서도 간단한 해석적인 해를 제공하는데 있다. 결과적으로 계산량이 획기적으로 줄어든다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.397-411
• /
• 2009

The use of local product foods and fresh-cut products, the dietitian's recognition, the required items and the quality for school foodservice was investigated to increase the consumption of high-quality agricultural products. Data from 578 elementary schools, 228 middle schools and 116 high schools were collected by school foodservice personnels in each regional Education Administration in Gyeong-gi province. The first criteria of buying food materials was reliability/safety for all school foodservice. The second criteria were the origin of the product and freshness/ripeness for elementary and middle schools and high school, respectively. The most important consideration for selecting a supplier was the quality of the material. The appearance/status of the food was the first factor for buying food materials. The origin and the seasonality were very important for buying farm products. Dietitians in Gyeong-gi province recognized the local products, and used them weekly. The advantages of using local products were the quick supply, freshness and safety. On the other hand, the disadvantages were the lack of information and the uncertainty of supply. Sixty eight percent of the subjects had experienced the high-quality agricultural products in school meals, but the frequency was low. The main reasons for not servicing high-quality agricultural products were the high cost and the lack of trust on the quality. Among fresh-cut products, seasonings and root vegetables were purchased most frequently, but leaf vegetables was 5.7% only. The purchase of fresh-cut products was not frequent, but usually satisfied. The advantages of fresh-cut products were the reduced workload and waste, but the reason for not using them were poor hygiene and the high price. The diverse supply system and the promotion of the local product foods would be necessary since the most food materials were purchased through suppliers. In addition, the problems related to the high cost and distrust should be resolved to expand the consumption of the high-quality agricultural products and the fresh-cut vegetables. The institutions for certifying the quality should be needed to increase the confidence of these products.