• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2019

We intended to confirm that microwave attenuation by tree leaves is strongly linked to water content in leaves. We sampled natural broadleaves, including Japanese cinnamon, and investigated their effects on the microwave (3 to 20 GHz) frequency characteristics using a network analyzer. Experiments determined that microwave attenuation by foliage increases as a linear function of frequency per unit weight (gram). As the frequency increases, the spatial resolution increases, but the phase difference (imaginary component) increases. So we solved the dispersion of phase difference by sweeping the frequency and taking the intermediate value. Based on these experimental results, we developed a microwave scanner on 10Ghz to describe foliage moisture as a image and to enable assessments of leaf condition. Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants synthesize oxygen and sugars from carbon dioxide and water, thereby converting light energy into chemical energy. Since water is a major parameter of photosynthesis, the quantity of water accumulated inside a leaf reflects leaf health. The equipment described here and related microwave technologies will help assess the capacity of leaves to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2007

Resistant starch (RS) content, paste viscosity, water solubility and absorption index, bulk density, color, compression force, and bowl life of Goami flakes manufactured by extrusion process were determined to evaluate Goami (high fiber rice) as a food material. Various extrusion process conditions included barrel temperature (90, 110, $130^{\circ}C$) and moisture content (50, 55%). RS content in the extruded pellet and defatted flake ranged from $8.00{\sim}8.56%$ and $6.57{\sim}9.53%$ respectively. RS content increased as moisture increased from 50% to 55%. Peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity of the extruded pellet and defatted flake decreased with steeping for 1 hr, and the breakdown viscosity significantly increased. The water solubility and absorption index increased in the flake compared to Goami and extruded pellet. The water solubility index of the extruded pellet was lower than that of Goami, while its water absorption index was higher than Goami. The bulk density of the flake ranged from $0.35{\sim}0.44$ g/mL. The bowl life of the flake was $12.4{\sim}19.4$ min, which was longer than commercial breakfast cereals on the market.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 2017

In this study, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy known as a non-destructive analysis technique was applied to investigate peptide cleavage and consequent release of amino acids in soybean lumps as affected by its moisture content and incubation time during fermentation at 25 for 3 weeks. The NIR spectra of the soybean lump semi-dried and soaked in saline water showed that absorption intensity around 1,400 nm originating from hydrogen bonds of water decreased and absorption band shifted to 1,430 nm as moisture content decreased during incubation at 25 for 3 weeks. In addition, absorption around 2,050 nm which was assigned to amino groups increased as incubation time increased. NIR spectra data from 1,000 to 2,250 nm showed higher accuracy in the discriminant analysis between outside and inside parts of fermented soybean lumps than visible spectra result. NIR spectroscopy for the amino acid and moisture contents in traditional fermented soybean lumps showed relatively good accuracy with the multiple correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.91 and 0.81, respectively, and root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECv) of 0.23 and 0.83%, respectively, in partial least square regression (PLSR). These results indicate that NIR spectral observations could be applicable to control the fermentation process for preparation of soybean products.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.121-127
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• 2022

This study presents the development of an integrated oil purification system consisting of moisture removal, oil flushing, and oil filtering devices. In this system, the oil flushing device is combined with a micro-bubble generator. Oil purification is necessary for ensuring the high performance of the lubricant through the efficient removal of contaminants and thus enables good maintenance of mechanical systems. The developed purification system removes moisture, varnish, and solid particles. Moreover, during oil purification, the oil flushing device separates foreign materials and contaminants remaining in the lubricating oil piping or mechanical systems. The microbubble generator, which is combined with the oil flushing device, can separate harmful contaminants, such as sludge, wear particles, and rust, from piping or lubrication systems through the cavitation effect. Moisture is removed using a double high-vacuum chamber, while sludge and varnish are removed via electro-absorption using a high-voltage generator. Additionally, the total maintenance cost of the system is reduced through the use of domestically fabricated cartridge filters composed of glass fiber and cellulose. The heater, which maintains the temperature of the lubricant at 60℃, can process 41,000 L of lubricant simultaneously. Multiple tests confirmed that the proposed integrated purification system exhibits good performance in oil flushing and removal of water and varnish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.427-433
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• 2013

This study was designed to examine changes in the physicochemical properties of extruded corn fibers with different amounts of feed moisture (30, 40, and 50%). The screw speed and die temperature were fixed to 200 rpm and $140^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crude ash, fat, and protein in corn fiber decreased from the extrusion process. The insoluble dietary fiber in corn fibers decreased, while soluble dietary fiber increased at a feed moisture of 30%. The specific length of the extruded corn fiber increased while the specific mechanical energy input, density, breaking strength, and elastic modulus decreased. The water absorption index (WAI) and reducing sugar content of the corn fibers did not significantly change, but the water soluble index (WSI) decreased as the feed moisture content of the corn fiber increased. On the other hand, the WAI of de-starched corn fiber decreased while WSI and reducing sugars increased as the feed moisture content of the corn fiber increased.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1347-1355
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the delamination and fracture integrity of the IC plastic package under hygrothermal loading by stress analysis and fracture mechanics approaches. The plastic SOJ package with a dimpled diepad under the reflow slodering process of IR heating type is considered. On the package without a crack, the stress variation according to the change of the design variables such as the material and shape of the package is calculated and the possibility of delamination is considered. For the model fully delaminated between the chip and diepad, J-integrals are calculated for the various design variables and the fracture integrity is discussed. From the results, optimal design values of variables to prevent the delamination and fracture of IC package are obtained. In this study, FDM program to obtain the vapor pressure from the content of moisture absorbed into the package is developed.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 1981

An emphasis has been placed on the importance of selecting a sand for furan sand process, which ie affected by the properties of sand. Investigations have been carried out to use the domestic artificial sands for the furan sand process. For laboratory investigations, the sands have been prepared and tested for chemical analysis, loss on ignition, sieve analysis, AFS grain fineness number, grain shape, PH value, acid demand, surface shape, theoretical surface area, moisture absorption, crushing durability and compressive strength and S. S. I. of molding sands. Most commercial sands have been found to be able to be used. The main requirement of the sands has been shown to be that 3 or 4 screen sands, AFS no.40-70 (or 100), of low acid demand, good surface area and good grain shape require less resin and catalyst to give an adequate strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.306-310
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• 2005

The comparison in release rate constant and properties of extracts from extruded raw ginseng and extruded white ginseng was conducted to apply extrusion process for manufacturing of released ginseng tea bag. Dry raw ginseng and white ginseng powder were extruded at 20∼30% moisture content and 200∼300 rpm by using an experimental twin-screw extruder. Browness and redness (both indicated the releasing of saponin and ginsenosides) were increased with the increase in the screw speed and the decrease of moisture content. Crude saponin and water solubility index (WSI) of both ginseng also share the same behaviour against the level of screw speed and moisture content, as well as browness and redness. The particle size effects of extruded raw ginseng at 20% and 28% moisture content on absorbance of released extract at 260 up to 560 nm, WSI, and water absorption index were determined. While particle size decreased from 800∼1000 nm to 200∼500 nm, absorbance and WSI are decreased. Absorbance and WSI shown increasing level while moisture content was decreased. In conclusion, the formation of pores by expansion and disruption of cell wall in extrusion cooking were obviously responsible to increase the amount of released extract of extruded ginseng and its WSI as well. The extrusion process turns out be the efficient process for manufacturing of commercial ginseng tea product than those of other thermal processes.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.319-323
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• 2008

Mutant rice cv. Goami2 (G2) and Baegjinjoo (BJJ) derived from a high-quality japonica rice cv. Ilpumbyeo (IP) were extruded under different feed moisture (20 and 30%) and barrel temperature (90, 110, and $130^{\circ}C$). Increasing feed moisture at fixed barrel temperature increased extrudate density (ED) in IP and BJJ. Whereas, G2 showed a varied ED depending on extrusion conditions; increasing barrel temperature decreased the ED of G2 extrudate with low feed moisture, but increased with high moisture. Results indicated a positive barrcl temperature effect on volume expansion in IP and G2, but a negative effect on 811, probably due to shrinkage of expanded products containing low-amylose contents. A significant increase of water absorption was found in G2 and BJJ extruded flour, while an increase of water solubility in those from IP. Non-digestible carbohydrates measured by total dietary fiber (TDF) indicated that extrusion increased slightly TDF in IP and BJJ extrudates, but decreased in G2 products, which might be variety-dependent.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.118-133
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• 2024

The sapwood portion of fast-growing teak is mostly ignored due to its inferior quality. One of the possibilities for utilizing sapwood waste is to convert it into activated carbon that has good adsorption capabilities. The raw materials used in this research were sapwood of 14-year-old fast-growing teak sapwood (FTS) waste, which was taken from three trees from community forests in Wonosari, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Special Region. FTS waste was taken from the bottom of the tree up to a height of 1.3 m. The activation process is conducted with an activation temperature of 750℃, 850℃, and 950℃. The heating duration consists of three variations: 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min. The quality evaluation parameters of activated carbon include yield, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon content, adsorption capacity of benzene, adsorption capacity of methylene blue, and adsorption capacity of iodine. The results showed that the activated carbon produced had the following quality parameters: yield of 75.61%; moisture content of 1.27%; volatile matter content of 9.98%; ash content of 5.43%; fixed carbon content of 84.58%; benzene absorption capacity of 8.58%; methylene blue absorption capacity of 87.73 mg/g; and iodine adsorption capacity of 948.19 mg/g. It can be concluded that activated carbon from FTS waste has good iodine adsorption, which fulfilled the SNI 06-3730-1995 quality standard. Due to the iodine adsorption ability of FTS waste activated carbon, the conversion of FTS waste to activated carbon is categorized as a potential method to increase the value of this material.