• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.81-109
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• 1999

This study aims to reflect the basic principles and teaching-teaming principles of Realistic Mathematics Education in order to suppose an way in which mathematics as an activity is carried out in primary school. The development of what is known as RME started almost thirty years ago. It is founded by Freudenthal and his colleagues at the former IOWO. Freudenthal stressed the idea of matheamatics as a human activity. According to him, the key principles of RME are as follows: guided reinvention and progressive mathematisation, level theory, and didactical phenomenology. This means that children have guided opportunities to reinvent mathematics by doing it and so the focal point should not be on mathematics as a closed system but on the process of mathematisation. There are different levels in learning process. One should let children make the transition from one level to the next level in the progress of mathematisation in realistic contexts. Here, contexts means that domain of reality, which in some particular learning process is disclosed to the learner in order to be mathematised. And the word of 'realistic' is related not just with the real world, but is related to the emphasis that RME puts on offering the students problem situations which they can imagine. Under the background of these principles, RME supposes the following five instruction principles: phenomenological exploration, bridging by vertical instruments, pupils' own constructions and productions, interactivity, and interwining of learning strands. In order to reflect how to realize these principles in practice, the teaming process of algorithms is illustrated. In this process, children follow a learning route that takes its inspiration from the history of mathematics or from their own informal knowledge and strategies. Considering long division, the first levee is associated with real-life activities such as sharing sweets among children. Here, children use their own strategies to solve context problems. The second level is entered when the same sweet problems is presented and a model of the situation is created. Then it is focused on finding shortcomings. Finally, the schema of division becomes a subject of investigation. Comparing realistic mathematics education with constructivistic mathematics education, there interaction, reflective thinking, conflict situation are many similarities but there are alsodifferences. They share the characteristics such as mathematics as a human activity, active learner, etc. But in RME, it is focused on the delicate balance between the spontaneity of children and the authority of teachers, and the development of long-term loaming process which is structured but flexible. In this respect two forms of mathematics education are different. Here, we learn how to develop mathematics curriculum that respects the theory of children on reality and at the same time the theory of mathematics experts. In order to connect the informal mathematics of children and formal mathematics, we need more teachers as researchers and more researchers as observers who try to find the mathematical informal notions of children and anticipate routes of children's learning through thought-experiment continuously.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.26-41
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• 2007

There are three things that are not known to the human being. That is when, where and how one will die. Most people live ignoring death. However, elements of death linger everywhere. The purpose of this treatise is investigates about justification Deciding for Other directions. First, I will investigate about Deciding for Other directions, when patient can not decide own, I will do investigate agent's decision's problem. Second, These four principles provide the common ground for biomedical ethics. Principlism argue that a method using four principles can resolve controversies in bioethics. The method holds that there are four principles-respect for autonomy, nonamleficence, beneficence, justice- that articulate the necessary conditions of common morality for health care and bioethics. Beauchamp and Childress respond by arguing that the two problems are nc the meaning or interpretation but the process of specification. Third, So, Supplement four principles' problem to Levinas concept of the Other theory. Levinas concept of the Other is very resemblant with 'Love your neighbour as yourself." Christians believe that Love is above all and they act accordingly. They base this faith mainly upon the motto of "love your neighbour as yourself." Fourth. difficult part of Levinas concept of the Other is that there is no human to equal infinite sense of responsibility. Can be supplemented about this through cooperation of community. Four principles can be brought to bear on moral choices. And they asserts that each principles has weigh but they do not assign a priority weighting of ranking. All the principles are equal in moral decision making.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1999

This paper treats the implementation of concurrent engineering principles for ROC development of a future infantry fighting vehicle. Based on the acquisition process of weapon systems and operational requirements provided by users, Quality Function Deployment(QFD) is used to translate the requirements of the user into specific trade-off analysis. Results of these studies and the use of concurrent engineering principles are presented.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2015

Universal design is defined as the design process of products and environments usable by all people to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. The benefits of universal design have been promoted primarily through illustrative 'success stories' of public, residential and occupational environments and products. While case examples may be informative, they may unfortunately be limited in terms of generality to other designs or tasks. Therefore, design methods and criteria that can be applied systematically in a range of situations to encourage universal design are needed. In addition, the seven principles of universal design are intended to guide the design process. The principles provide a framework that allows a systematic evaluation of new or existing designs and assists in educating both designers and consumers about the characteristics of more usable products and environments. However, exactly how these principles are incorporated into the design process has beenleft up to the designer. Since the introduction of universal design, designers have become familiar with the principles of universal design, and they have developed many products based on universal design. However, the principles of universal design are qualitative, which means designers cannot quantitatively evaluate their designs. Some have worked to develop more systematic ways to evaluate products and environments by providing design guidelines for each of the principles. However, recommendations have not yet been made regarding how to integrate performance measures of universal design into the product design process before the product is mass produced. Furthermore, there are sets of requirements regarding each user group that has different age and ability. Consequently, there is an urgent need for design methods, based on a better understanding of age and ability related factors, which will lead to a universally designed product or environment. The authors have proposed the PSD (Preference Set-Based Design) method that can generate a ranged set of feasible solutions (i.e., robust and flexible solution set) instead of single point solution that satisfies changing sets of design targets. The objective of this paper is to develop a general method for systematically supporting the universal design process. This paper proposes the applicability of PSD method to universal design. Here, the proposed method is successfully illustrated with a universal design problem.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2017

This study is analyse method for Industrial disester prevention of E-9 foreign workers. To do this, We adapted tp TRIZ 's creative problem solving theory and AHP, QFD. TRIZ is determined some parameters for problem solving and selected the inventive principles for each parameters. So, We made new parameters and inventive principles under theory of the TRIZ process for reduced to the foreign worker's disaster rate. After, The derived parameters and the inventive principles are used to evaluate the importance of factors through the AHP, and determine the weight of the relation through QFD expansion. Finally. this paper applies statistical data according to the determined model process, analyzes the result and proposes improvement method for the prevention of disaster of foreign workers.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the indispensability and generalization of ecological approach in landscape planning and design, by describing the main ecological principles and the process and method applying them to landscape planning and presenting the case study of ecological planning. Landscape architecture is the science dealing with nature and therefore ecological approach in it cannot be emphasized too much. The main ecological principles that must be considered in landscape planning and design are energy flow, food chains, biogeochemical cycles, limiting factors, carrying capacity and homeostasis, vegetational succession, ecotone and edge effect, ecological niche, etc.. The seven component factors of natural ecosystem are climate, geology, physiography, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife. These seven factors are interrelated by the above mentioned ecological principles. In landscape planning and design process, it is necessary that landscape architect should interpret and assess not only the component factors of natural ecosystem but also the interrelationships and ecological principles immanent in them and apply the data to final plan.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국무역상무학회 2006년도 제35회 하계 정기세미나
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• pp.45-72
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• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

The concept of universal design has recently emerged as an important aspect of product design. Universal design is considerably analogous to ergonomic design in a way that it takes the capabilities and limitations of users into consideration during the product development process. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to reflect the practical use of ergonomic principles on universal design. This research attempts to develop a universal design index for mobile phone design to quantify how well a product complies with principles of universal design. The research also emphasizes on ergonomic principles as a basis of evaluation. A generation of the evaluation items was done by cross-checking among the personal, activity and product components. Personal components consist of human characteristics including age, physique, perceptual capacity, life-style, etc. Activity components were derived from those scenarios of mobile phone use while product components were composed of the parts to which a user interacts. Further analysis systematically generated a universal index from relationship matrices among the three components. The index was then used to test its suitability by applying to the evaluation of mobile phones currently on the market. This study demonstrates a development process through which evaluations can be made possible for universal design. The research suggests an improved approach to the appraisal of how well mobile phones are universally designed based on ergonomic principles.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.641-654
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• 2011

수학교육의 목표 중의 하나인 합리적이고 창의적인 문제해결력을 기르기 위해서는 그 기저가 되는 수학적 개념 및 원리 법칙에 대한 올바른 이해가 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다. 수학과 교육과정에서 수학적 개념 및 원리 법칙의 교수 학습 방법으로는 주변의 여러 가지 현상을 학습 소재로 하여 구체적 조작 활동과 탐구 활동을 통하여 학생 스스로 개념, 원리, 법칙을 발견하고 이를 정당화하도록 권고하고 있다. 본고에서는 수학적 원리 법칙의 의미와 귀납적 추론 절차를 살펴보고, 교육과정에서 권고하는 원리 법칙지도를 위한 방안으로써 발견을 통한 지도와 발견전략으로써 귀납에 의한 지도 방법 및 지도상의 유의점을 살펴보았다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.221-262
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• 2003

In recent years, information technological revolution of using Internet in the Stock Market has shown reconsideration of Securities and Exchange Law. Since the 1998 Taipei Conference, ILA have studied upon it and presented 6th Interim Report during the 2000 London Conference. This paper summarizes a part of the 6th Interim Report. The Internet has created a medium to which traditional principles of jurisdiction may not have full relevance. To understand the jurisdictional issues posed by this new medium, we should first review the traditional principles of jurisdiction under international, U. S. law and Other Countries law. In previous reports, the general principles of jurisdiction in international law have been described. These principles are, however, difficult to apply in the context of Internet and other forms of computerized securities trading. Regulators all over the world are trying to address and solve jurisdictional issues raised by the Internet. The traditional rules of jurisdiction in international law, grounded as they are on a geography-based approach, may be in the process of being undermined by the Internet and other global networks allowing for remote access to information and to markets.