• Wind and Structures
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.427-440
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• 2008

Estimates of wind-induced wind effects on tall buildings are based largely on 1980s technology. Such estimates can vary significantly depending upon the wind engineering laboratory producing them. We describe an efficient database-assisted design (DAD) procedure allowing the realistic estimation of wind-induced internal forces with any mean recurrence interval in any individual member. The procedure makes use of (a) time series of directional aerodynamic pressures recorded simultaneously at typically hundreds of ports on the building surface, (b) directional wind climatological data, (c) micrometeorological modeling of ratios between wind speeds in open exposure and mean wind speeds at the top of the building, (d) a physically and probabilistically realistic aerodynamic/climatological interfacing model, and (e) modern computational resources for calculating internal forces and demand-to-capacity ratios for each member being designed. The procedure is applicable to tall buildings not susceptible to aeroelastic effects, and with sufficiently large dimensions to allow placement of the requisite pressure measurement tubes. The paper then addresses the issue of accounting explicitly for uncertainties in the factors that determine wind effects. Unlike for routine structures, for which simplifications inherent in standard provisions are acceptable, for tall buildings these uncertainties need to be considered with care, since over-simplified reliability estimates could defeat the purpose of ad-hoc wind tunnel tests.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.56-67
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to suggest the standard ICU nursing procedure and standard ICU nursing practice time carried out according to the standard ICU nursing procedure. Methods: Through the literature review, 35 standard ICU nursing activities were selected and classified under 6 categories. Standard nursing procedures were described by research team and 4 clinical practice experts. Content validity of descripted nursing procedure was performed by 6 clinical practice experts. After that standard ICU nursing procedures were identified, standard nursing practice times were checked through 1:1 observation. Results: 35 ICU nursing activities were identified and categorized into 6 domains of activities. Also, their standard nursing procedures were identified, and finally 33 standard nursing practice times were measured and analyzed. The result of the measurement, 1 ICU nursing activity was spent above 30 minutes, 3 activities done within 10-20 minutes, 4 activities done within 5-10 minutes, and 25 activities were spent below 5 minutes. Conclusion: Through this study, 35 standard ICU nursing procedures were described and 33 standard ICU nursing practice times which carried out according to standard ICU nursing procedures were checked. The result can be as fundamental data for the study of nursing activity time in the ICU.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1983

Amino acids such as L-tyrosine, L-histidine, and tryptophan, which bear an aromatic ring in the molecule, could successfully be labelled by radioactive iodine through arylthallium ditrifluoroacetate intermediate. Generally, the labelling reaction could proceed in a short labelling time(ca, 20 minutes) and resulted in a high labelling yields and purity of the labelled product. This procedure has, therefore, been proved to be effective as the labelling method of short labelling time and high specific activity. Labelling proteins such as oval albumin and human albumin could also be achieved in $34\sim48%$ net labelling yield by thallating them at the low temperature $(0\sim10^{\circ}C)$, whereas the labelled products were mainly composed of various denatured products by thallating them at the high temperature$(35\sim40^{\circ}C)$, though the radioactivity was highly retained in the labelled products. Uracil and hippuric acid could also be labelled in a short labelling time though their thallation required a prolonged heating procedure. It was proved that this procedure may be effective to label these compounds by short lived radioisotopes. The labelling yields were, however, lower than 30%.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-171
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• 2002

In this paper, we present an efficient pricing strategy, the pivot and probe Algorithm for Network Flow Problems(PAPANET), specifically for solving capacitated, linear network flow problem (NPs). The PAPANET begins with an initial relaxed network problem(RNP), consisting of all the nodes and initial candidate arcs(possibly a few least cost arcs form the original problem and a set of all the artificial and slack arcs). After an initial solution to the RNP is derived by pivoting, the PROBE procedure identifies a set of most violated arcs from the noncandidate arcs that are not considered to be in the current RNP, and adds them to the RNP. The procedure also discards a set of least favorable, zero flow, nonbasic arcs from the RNP. The new RNP is solved to optimality and the procedure continues until all of the dual constraints of the noncandidate arcs are satisfied by the dual solution to the RNP. The PAPANET effectively reduces the problem size, time per pivot, and solution CPU time by eliminating noncandidate arcs. Computational tests on randomly generated problems indicate that PAPANET achieves and average savings of 50-80% of the solution CPU time of that of a comparable standard network simplex implementation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2018

To ensure the structural integrity of nuclear power plants, it is essential to predict the lifetime of Alloy 182 weld, which is used for welding in nuclear reactors. The lifetime of Alloy 182 weld is directly related to the crack initiation time. Owing to the large time scatter in most crack initiation tests, a probabilistic model, such as the Weibull distribution, has mainly been adopted for prediction. However, since statistically more advanced methods than current typical methods may be applied, we suggest a statistical procedure for parameter estimation of the crack initiation time of Alloy 182 weld, considering right-censored data and the covariate effect. Furthermore, we suggest a procedure for uncertainty evaluation of the estimators based on the bootstrap method. The suggested statistical procedure can be applied not only to Alloy 182 weld but also to any material degradation data set including right-censored data with covariate effect.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.75-84
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• 2011

In this paper various numerical analyses are carried out according to behavior characteristics of structures and types of seismic design methods as a study on the seismic analysis for underground structures. Equivalent Static Force Procedure and Response Displacement Method commonly used in practiral design are adopted and Time History Method regarded as the most accurate analysis method is selected to verify the results of two practical methods above. 3-D modelling for seismic analysis of structures is introduced to consider Structure Soil Interaction and all analyses are based on Korea Structural Concrete Design Code. After numerical analyses, Equivalent Static Force Procedure and Response Displacement Method showed relatively lager values than those of Time History Method, so it is identified that above two methods are suitable for practical design purpose.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2023

Background/Aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors (SNADETs) is associated with a high rate of en bloc resection. However, the technique for ESD remains challenging. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of S-O clips in colonic and gastric ESD. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of duodenal ESD using an S-O clip for SNADETs. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent ESD for SNADETs between January 2011 and December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Propensity score matching analysis was used to compare patients who underwent duodenal ESD with the S-O clip (S-O group) and those who underwent conventional ESD (control group). Intraoperative perforation rate was the primary outcome, while procedure time and R0 resection rate were the secondary outcomes. Results: After propensity score matching, 16 pairs were created: 43 and 17 in the S-O and control groups, respectively. The intraoperative perforation rate in the S-O group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p=0.033). A significant difference was observed in the procedure time between the S-O and control groups (39±9 vs. 82±30 minutes, respectively; p=0.003). Conclusions: The S-O clip reduced the intraoperative perforation rate and procedure time, which may be useful and effective in duodenal ESD.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the average actual treatment time at the time of Tomotherapy treatment. We want to investigate the time required for the procedure in the treatment process that affects the actual treatment time. Patients and Methods: We measured the time required by the procedure in 31 patients who were treated with tomography therapy. Beam-on time, Image registration time, Set-up with scan time and Actual treatment time were measured and stepwise regression analysis was performed. Result: The average treatment time per a patient was 21.44 - 23.92 minutes. Beam-on time, Image registration time, and Set-up with Scan time were the important factors affecting the actual treatment time. The biggest influence was Beam-on time and Registration time was less affected by analysing. Conclusion: The average treatment time per a patient in tomotherapy treatment was $22.68{\pm}3.37$ minutes. The Approximately 21 patients are expected to be treated within 8 hours of regular work time. However, if the treatment is interrupted or the time of the procedure is changed during the treatment process, it affects the schedule of the daily treatment patients and the workload is expected to increase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.539-545
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• 2021

Background: Red ginseng polysaccharides (RGPs) have been acknowledged for their outstanding immunomodulation and anti-tumor activities. However, their studies are still limited by the complexity of their structural features, the absence of purification and enrichment methods, and the rarity of the analytical instruments that apply to the analysis of such macromolecules. Thus, this study is an attempt to establish a new mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis procedure for RGPs. Methods: Saponin pre-excluded powder of RG (RG-SPEP, 10 mg) was treated with 200 µL of distilled water and centrifuged for 5 h at 1000 rpm and 85 ℃. Ethanol-based precipitation and centrifugation were applied to obtain RGPs from the heated extracts. Further, endo-carbohydrase treatments were performed to produce specific saccharide fragments. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) processes were implemented to purify and enrich the enzyme-treated RGPs, while matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) MS was employed for the partial structural analysis of the obtained RGPs. Results: Utilizing cellulase, porous graphitized carbon (PGC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, the neutral and acidic RGPs were qualitatively analyzed. Hex_n and Hex_n-18 (cellulose analogs) were determined to be novel neutral RGPs. Additionally, the [Unknown + Hex_n] species were also determined as new acidic RGPs. Furthermore, HexA_n (H) was determined as another form of the acidic RGPs. Conclusion: Compared to the previous methods of analysis, these unprecedented applications of HILIC-SPE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS to analyze RGPs proved to be fairly effective for fractionating and detecting neutral and acidic components. This new procedure exhibits great potential as a specific tool for searching and determining various polysaccharides in many herbal medicines.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2012

A symptom-based procedure with a critical safety function monitoring system has been established to reduce the operator's diagnosis and cognitive burden since the Three-Mile Island (TMI) accident. However, it has been reported that a symptom-based procedure also requires an operator's cognitive efforts to cope with off-normal events. This can be caused by mismatches between a static model, an emergency operating procedure (EOP), and a dynamic process, the nature of an ongoing situation. The purpose of this study is to share the evidence of mismatches that may result in an excessive cognitive burden in conducting EOPs. For this purpose, we analyzed simulated emergency operation records and observed some operator behaviors during the EOP operation: continuous steps, improper description, parameter check at a fixed time, decision by information previously obtained, execution complexity, operation by the operator's knowledge, notes and cautions, and a foldout page. Since observations in this study are comparable to the results of an existing study, it is expected that the operational behaviors observed in this study are generic features of operators who have to cope with a dynamic situation using a static procedure.