• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.13-44
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• 1982

7.1 옛날부터 재목(材木)을 오래 불에 담그어 쓰면 덜트로 덜 휜다고 하였는데 말로서 전(傳)하여 왔을 뿐 그 연구결과(硏究結果)나 또는 그 원인(原因)에 대한 것은 분명(分明)치 못하였다. 한편 재목(材木)의 추출성분(抽出成分)이 그 재목(材木)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 영향(影響)할 것이라는 추측(推測)은 많었으나 실지로 그 영향(影響)에 대한 연구(硏究)를 하여 그 결과(結果)와 그 원인(原因)을 밝힌 것도 극(極)히 적었다. 이 연구(硏究)는 이와같은 입장(立場)에 놓여있는 그 간미지(間未知)한 점(点)을 밝히기 위(爲)하여 다시말하면 재목(材木)을 물에 담그어 그 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)을 추출(抽出)하므로써 일어나는 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 대한 결과(結果)를 조사(調査)하고 이 결과(結果)를 통(通)하여 얻는 진리(眞理)를 응용(應用)하여 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮), 팽창(膨脹) 이에따라 일어나는 트는것, 휘는것, 틀어지는 것 등(等)을 막아 재목이용(材木利用)의 합리화(合理化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로써 시작(始作)된 것이며 Yale 재과대학(材科大學) 목재이용학(木材利用學) 연구실(硏究室)에서 담당교수 F.F.Wangaard 박사(博士) 지도하(指導下)에 재료(材料)는 동(同) 연구실(硏究室)에 준비(準備)되어 있는 북미(北美)산 스트로 - 부 소나무 참나무 그리고 남방열대(南方熱帶)산 하이메나에아의 삼(三) 종류(種類)에 대하여 연구(硏究)되었다. 7.2 연구(硏究)의 대상이 된 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)은 목재(木材)의 실용적 사용(使用)에 있어서 가장 관계가 깊은 다시 말하면 트고 휘고 틀어지는등(等)의 관계가 깊은 평형함수량(平衡含水量), 수축(收縮), 팽창(膨脹) 그리고 강도(强度)의 지표(紙票)가 되는 비중(比重)등이 있다. 7.3 시험(試驗)은 위에 말한 세 가지 종류(種類)를 가지고 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하여 추출(抽出)한것과 반대로 추출성(抽出性) 물질(物質)은 침투(浸透)시킨것에 대하여 비교(比較)될 무처리(無處理)한 세 다른 공시재(供試在)를 준비(準備)하여 실시되었다. 다음 시험결과(試驗結果)는 7.4 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)이 추출량(抽出量)과 그 추출액중(抽出液中)의 성분(成分)그룹은 Table 36에 표시(表示)된것과 같으며 나무 종류(種類)에 따라 추출량(抽出量)에 그리고 각(各) 성분(成分)그룹의 종류(種類)와 그 양(量)에 차이(差異)를 볼수 있었다. 7.5 평형함수량(平衡含水量)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하여 그 추출성분(抽出成分)이 빠져버린 공시재(供試材)와 그와 반대의 공시재(供試材) 사이에는 확실한 차이(差異)가 있어 추출성분(抽出成分)을 재내(材內)에 포함(包含)하고 있으므로써 같은 관계흡도에서 80%방습시(放濕時)는 이와 반대 평형함수량(平衡含水量)은 많아졌다. b) 설탕액(雪糖液)에 담그어 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하여 당분(糖分)이 재내(材內)에 침입(侵入)된 공시재(供試材)는 대체(大體) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 하지 않은 공시재(供試材)와 거의 같은 경향(傾向)의 결과(結果)를 나타내고 있다. c) 나무의 종류(種類)에 따른 차이(差異)는 일정한 경향(傾向)을 볼 수 없으나 스트로-부 소나무의 심재부(心材部)와 변재부를 비교(比較)하면 심재부(心材部)는 그 평형함수량(平衡含水量)이 적다. 이것은 원래(元來)의 함수량(含水量)에 있어서 심재부(心材部)가 적은데 이와같은 차이(差異)는 식물생리학적(植物生理學的) 또는 그 해부학적(解剖學的) 구조(構造)의 차이(差異)에서 생기는 것이다. 7.6 수축(收縮)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)의 수축량(收縮量)은 그와 반대로 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않어 추출성분(抽出成分)이 그대로 남어있는 공시재(供試材)에 비교(比較)하여 그 수축량(收縮量)이 모두 크다. b) 설탕액(雪糖液)에 담그어 침투처리(浸透處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)는 그 수축량(收縮量)은 다른것에 비교(比較)하여 제일 적고 모두 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하지않은 공시재(供試材)와 거의 같은 결과(結果)를 보이고 있는데 이것은 재목(材木)을 사용전(使用前)에 특수(特殊)한 침투처리(浸透處理)를 하여 쓰면 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮)을 막을수 있다는 것을 실증하는 것이다. c) 나무의 종류별(種類別)로보면 스트로-부 소나무의 심재부(心材部)는 그 변재부보다 수축량(收縮量)이 적으며 참나무의 수축량(收縮量)은 제일 크로 스토로-부 소나무에 비교(比較)하여 약(約)2배(倍) Hymenaea는 참나무 보다 적고 스트로 - 부 소나무 보다는 컸다. d) 각(各) 수종(樹種)을 통(通)하여 방향성(方向性)에 따른 수축량(收縮量)을 보면 촉단면방향(觸斷面方向)의 수축량(收縮量)은 경단방향(徑斷方向)의 수축량(收縮量)보다 큰 것은 다른 모든 나무에서 보느 결과(結果)와 같다. e) 추출량(抽出量)과의 관계를 보면 추출량(抽出量)이 많은 것일수록 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않은 것과의 수축량(收縮量)의 차이(差異)는 컸다. 7.7 팽창(膨脹)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)로 그 성분(成分)을 추출(抽出)하여 낸 공시재(供試材)의 팽창량(膨脹量)은 그와 반대의 것에 비교(比較)하여 모두 팽창량(膨脹量)이 컸다. b) 재목(材木)의 방향성(方向性)에 따라보면 모두 촉단(觸斷) 방향(方向)의 팽창량(膨脹量)은 경단방향(徑斷方向)의 팽창량(膨脹量)에 비(比)하여 크다. c) 수축(收縮)에서 본것과 같이 팽창(膨脹)에 있어서도 나무의 종류(種類)에 따라 그 팽창량(膨脹量)에 차이(差異)를 볼수 있으며 그 팽창량(膨脹量)은 참나무 하이메나에아 스트로-부 소나무의 변재 그리고 동심재(同心材)의 순서(順序)도 적어졌으며, 수축량(收縮量)이 큰 것은 팽창량(膨脹量)에 있어서도 크다는 것을 실증하였다. 7.8 비중(比重)에 있어서는 a) 추출처리(抽出處理)를 한 공시재(供試材)의 비중(比重)이 추출처리(抽出處理)를 않은 공시재(供試材)의 비중(比重)에 비교(比較)하여 컸다. 이것은 비중(比重)을 결정(決定)할 때 사용(使用)된 용적(容積)에 기인(起因)하였으며 사실은 이와 반대의 결과(結果)가 나타나야 할 것이다. b) 나무의 종류별(種類別)로 보면 스트로-부 소나무의 심재(心材)는 변재보다는 그 비중(比重)이 크며 두 참나무의 비중(比重)은 소나무의 그것보다 배(倍)나 크고 하이메나에아는 그 비중(比重)이 제일 컷다. (9) 이상(以上) ; 모-든 시험결과(試驗結果)를 종합(綜合)하여 생각할 때 막연(漠然)히 재목(材木)을 물에 오래 담그어 쓴다는 생각은 오히려 잘못하면 목재(木材)의 성질(性質)을 더욱 악화(惡化)시킬 우려(憂慮)가 있으며 물에 담그어 쓰되 설탕질등(雪糖質等)으로 재목내부(材木內部)에 침투(浸透)할 수 있는 성질(性質)의 성분(成分)이 용해(溶解)되어 있는 액중(液中)에 담그어 쓰는 것은 재목(材木)의 일대 흠점(欠点)인 수축(收縮)과 팽창(膨脹) 그리고 이에 따라 일어나는 트고 휘는 일이며 틀어지는 등(等)의 흠점(欠点)을 막을 수 있다는 것을 실증하게 되었다. 만고(萬苦) 물속에 오래 담그어 쓰는 것이 다시 말하면 수용성(水溶性) 추출물(抽出物)을 빼내어 쓰는 것이 그 결과(結果)에 있어 확실히 양호(良好)하였다는 사실이 있었다면 그것은 수용성성분(水溶性成分)을 제출(提出)함으로써 균일(均一)한 수축(收縮)과 팽창(膨脹)이 일어나는데 기인(起因)하였을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.50-71
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• 1997

The intention of this study is to apprehend the con. tents and methods of herb remedies that are commonly conducted when there are health-problem cases of ENT, eyes, teeth and skin. Methods of this study are divided into two stages : 1) For a period of six months from December 1994 to June 1995, some 40 persons who are believed to be well versed with herb remedies have been randomly chosen, and we made a survey on herb remedies by symptoms: and 2) we have endeavored to make their grounds evident through the studies on literatures with the focus on the basic data collected. Their results are as follows: 1) When one feels a pain in ears, such herb remedies are employed as pouring the vapor into ears, which is made by steaming Alaska pollack, or as applying or wiping with the juices of radish or the ginkgo, or' alum. Applying the radish juice is effective for sterilization and fever removal: and applying the ginkgo juice is effective for cleanliness. But, plastering alum, sesame oil or castor oil, or pouring the vapor of Alaska pollack into ears are perhaps effective but do not have any pharmacologic grounds. 2) When one bleeds at the nose, such kinds of herb remedies are applied as stimulating nose or head with cold water, pressing nose or ridge of nose, or filling up nares with mashed mugworts. In addition, they have utilized garlic or leeks. Such methods as stimulating with cold water or just pressing nose and ridge of nose is based on reasonable grounds, i.e. vasoconstriction and vascular compression ; and applying mashed garlic on the sole of foot is good for the circulation of Qui ; and the use of mugworts and leeks is based upon the pharmacological function of hemostasis. 3) When one feels a sore throat such kinds of herb remedies are employed as gargling or rinsing throat with brine, drinking hot gruel or water, or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish, ginger or Chinese quince. Gargling with brine or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish or ginger is based upon the pharmacological function of pain alleviation, fever removal, and detoxication. 4) When a boil is formed in mouth, such herb remedies are applied as spreading honey, brine or alum water, and taking gall nut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root, etc, for drugs. Spreading honey, brine or water that is made by infusing gallnut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root is based upon such functions as hematosis, astriction, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic, Alum, eggplant and licorice are said to be effective, but their pharmacological effects have no grounds. 5) When one has conjunctivitis such herb remedies are commonly applied as irrigation with brine and dropping breast milk in eyes. Moreover, such other drugs are used as plantain. shepherd's purse, and purslane, etc. The use of brine, breast milk, plantain, shepherd's purse and purslane is based upon such functions as sterilization, antiphlogistic, disinfection and pain relieving. Eriocaulon sieboldianum, bean stem, bean pod and narcissus leaves are said to be effective, but their pharmacological action have no basis. When one has a stye, such herb remedies are applied as extracting eyelashes, stimulating by a massage of middle finger, third finger or big toe, as well as sear ing with a heated bamboo comb that is fine-toothed. Other than these, plantain and nightshade's nuts are used as drugs for it. Extracting eyelashes corresponds with exclusing suppurative node and draining the stye of pus ; and the use of plantain is based upon disinfection: and nightshade's nuts are said to be effective, however, their pharmacological action has no grounds. 6) For a treatment of toothache, such herb remedies are commonly employed as rinsing mouth with brine and holding cold water or gasoline in the mouth ; and as the drugs that are believed to be effective have been Welsh onion, ginger and castor-oil, plant, etc. The use of Welsh onion is based upon pain killing, antiinflammatory actions, and the use of ginger is based upon detoxication and disinfection ; and seeds of castor-oil plants are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 7) When one has hives, such herb remedies are commonly applied as rubbing burned straw in affected parts, exposing to its smoke, rubbing with salt, sweeping down with a broom, and spreading and drinking boiled water of trifoliate orange. The use of cassia tora seeds, walnut, aloe and radish is said to be effective. The use of cassia tor a seeds has the functions of intestinal order, anti-paralysis, etc. The use of walnut has resulted in an increase of blood by invigorating spirits ; and the use of aloe is based upon disinfection, antibiotic, anti-salt, antihistamine and detoxication action. But, the effects of radish juice and straw's smoke have no pharmacological grounds. 8) When one gets a boil, such herb remedies are commonly used as applying a plaster, paste of flour mixed with yolk, soy sauce or honey, as well as spreading pounded elm tree. Other remedies that have been said to be effective are ; heating with mugwort, brine, wild rocambole, aloe, onion, squid's bone, etc. The use of mugwort is based upon pain killing, astringent antiinflammatory and tranquility. Wild rocambole is based upon the generation and maintenance functions of cell-joining textures ; elm tree upon antiphlogistic ; aloe upon fever removal and antiphlogistic ; onion on pain killing, fever removal, antiphlogistic and tranquility ; squid's bone on astriction: and brine or vinegar on sterilization. Pine resin and gardenia seed are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 9) When one cuts his skin, such herb remedies are commonly employed as spreading mugwort's juice or squid's bone powder, or pressing the wounds. In addition, kalopanax, onion and fine soil are employed. The use of mugwort, kalopanax and squid's bone is based upon such functions as hemostasis, sedation, pain killing, antibacterial ; and fine soil is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacological basis. 10) When one suffers from whitlow, such herb remedies are commonly utilized as heating with boiled soy sauce, spreading soybean paste, or dipping into eggs, etc. Other drugs that have been employed are onion root, brine, eggplant, potato, loach, etc. The use of onion is based upon pain killing and antiphlogistic functions ; and that of brine upon antiphlogistic function. The use of soy sauce or soybean paste, fomentation, eggplant, potato and loach is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacblogic ground. 11) For the treatment of frostbite, such herb remedies are commonly used as dipping the affected part into frozen soybean sack, using boiled water of eggplant stem, garlic caulis, onion, hot pepper, caulis. Onion is based upon antiphlogistic and tranquility actions garlic upon disintection, metabolic exacerbation, tonic and aphrodisiac actions and the use of eggplant and hot pepper is based upon help blood circulation, dissolution and excretion of waste matters in vein. 12) For the treatment of burn, such herb remedies or drugs are commonly used as cleansing with Korean gin, spreading eggs, cleansing with cold water and soap water ; and as brine, cactus, moss, soybean paste, oil, etc. The cleansing with Korean gin, cold water, soap water, brine, vinegar is based upon cleaning and sterilizing functions ; and the use of cucumber is based upon nu. trition provision, and strengthening of resisting power by adjustment of metabolism. The use of potato, cactus, moss, oil and eggs is said to be effective, but their phamacological functions are not clarified. In view of the above results, we can realize that the drugs that have been employed in herb remedies are quite diverse. However, in regard to majority of herb remedies that have been employed by symptoms, the pharmacological functions of their drugs have not been clarified, and they are merely known as effective. Furthermore, they have not been recorded in the literature as yet ; and we confirm that there have been many herb remedies that were executed without the proper knowlege of their effects. It is now our view that the results of this survey may be utilized for consulting data in regard to the use of herb remedies.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 1981

산원지(山元地) 임목가격(林木價格)의 결정(決定)에 있어서 중요(重要)한 문제(問題)는 평가(評價)된 임목가격(林木價格)이 객관성(客觀性)을 가져야 한다는 점이다. 임업경영(林業経営)이 정상적(正常的)인 상태(狀態)에 있고 국내(國內) 생산목재(生産木材)에 의(依)하여 목재시장(木材市場)이 수요(需要)와 공급(供給)의 균형(均衡)을 이루게 된다면 임목(林木)의 가격(價格)은 시장(市場)의 자율기능(自律機能)에 의(依)해서 결정(決定)될 것이다. 그려나 현재(現在) 국내목재시장(國內木材市場)은 도입외재(導入外材)에 의(依)해서 가격(價格)의 형성(形成)이 좌우(左右)되는 상태(狀態)이므로, 목재(木材)의 생산(生産)에 관여(関與)되는 제투자비(諸投資費)에 의해서 가격(價格)이 결정(決定)되지 않고 채취비용(採取費用)과 목재상인(木材商人)의 기업이윤(企業利潤)을 고려(考慮)한 금액(金額)으로 산원지(山元地)의 목재가격(木材價格)이 결정(決定)되고 있다. 한편 임목(林木)의 평가(評價)는 기업용자산(企業用資産)의 평가(評價), 손실보상액(損害補償額)의 사정(査定) 및 과세표준액(課稅標準額) 등(等)을 결정(決定)하기 위해서 시행(施行)되고 있다. 특(特)히 삼림(森林)의 손해보험(損害保険)이 실시(実施)되는 경우에는 보험가액(保険價額) 사정(査定)에 임목(林木)의 평가(平價)는 절대적으로 필요(必要)하다. 이 경우에 보통(普通) 유령임목(幼令林木)은 비용가격(費用價格)으로, 유령기(幼令期)와 성숙기(成熟期) 중간(中間)의 임목(林木)은 Glaser 방식(方式)으로, 성숙기(成熟期)에 있는 임목(林木)은 시장역산가격(市場逆算價格)으로 평가(平價)될 것이다. 그러나 이와 같은 방법(方法)으로 평가(平價)할 때에 가격(價格)의 객관성(客觀性)이 확보(確保)되지 않는다면 임목(林木)의 평가(平價)는 의미(意味)가 없게 된다. 따라서 본(本) 연구(研究)는 목재생산(木材生産)에 관여(関與)되는 생산비용(生産費用)을 분석(分析)하고 기업자(企業者)의 적정이윤(適正利潤)을 파악(把握)하여 임목(林木)의 평가(平價)가 객관성(客觀性)있게 이루어 질 수 있도록 시도되었다. 1. 조사대상지역(調査対象地域) 및 목재시장(木材市場)의 동향(動向) 조사대상지역(調査対象地域)은 경주시(慶州市) 외곽지역(外廓地域)에 소재(所在)한 두 지역(地域)의 인공림지(人工林地)로, 시장여건(市場與件)은 동일(同一)하나 임상(林相) 및 목재생산(木材生産) 여건(與件)은 서로 상이(相異)하였다. 즉 암곡지역(暗谷地域)의 임목축적(林木蓄積)과 목림생산여건(木林生産與件)은 황룡지역(黃龍地域) 보다 훨씬 양호(良好)한 상태(狀態)로 황룡지역(黃龍地域)은 암곡지역(暗谷地域)에 비(比)하여 생산비용(生産費用)이 57% 정도 더 소요(所要)되었다. 또한 조사시기(調査時期) 당시(當時)의 경주시(慶州市) 임목가격(林木価格)은 서울의 원목시장가격(原木市場價格)보다 9~15% 정도 낮은 가격(価格)으로 형성(形成)되고 있었다. 2. 생산작업공정(生産作業工程) 목재(木材)의 생산(生産)을 위한 비용지출(費用支出)은 생산작업공정(生産作業工程)과 직결(直結)된다. 본(本) 연구(研究)에서는 현지(現地)의 도급인부(都給人夫)들이 제시(提示)한 공정표(工程表)를 적용(適用)하였다. 이 작업공정표(作業工程表)는 국유림산물(國有林産物) 매각예정가격(賣却豫定價格) 사정기준상(査定基準上)의 표준공정표(標準工程表)와 서울대학교(大學校) 광양(光陽) 연습림(演習林)에서 조사(調査)된 침엽수(針葉樹) 인공림(人工林)의 벌채작업공정조사표(伐採作業工程調査表)의 중간정도(中間程度)로 구성(構成)되어 있다. 생산작업(生産作業)의 능률(能率)이 목재생산비용(木材生産費用)의 과다(過多)에 중요(重要)한 관건(関件)이 되고 있다. 따라서 능률적(能率的)인 작업(作業)을 위해서 숙련(熟練)된 임업노동자(林業勞動者)의 확보(確保)가 필요(必要)하며 작업조건(作業條件)의 개선(改善)이 시급한 과제(課題)임을 알 수 있다. 3. 생산비용(生産費用) 및 기업자이윤(企業者利潤) 임목(林木)의 생산비용중(生産費用中) 가장 큰 비중(比重)을 차지하는 부분(部分)은 임목(林木)을 임지(林地)에서 시장(市場)까지 반출(搬出)하는 비용(費用)이다. 즉 암곡지역(暗谷地域)은 반출비용(搬出費用)이 벌목비용(伐木費用)에 비(比)하여 16.7%를 상회하고 있고, 황룡지역(黃龍地域)은 48% 상회하고 있다. 한편 벌목비용(伐木費用)은 하곡(下由) 집재비(集材費), 벌도비(伐倒費), 조재비(造材費), 박피비(剝皮費)의 순서(順序)로 구성(構成)되어있고 기타(其他) 생산비용(生産費用)은 임도신설(林道新設) 보수비(補修費), 관리(管理) 운반비(運搬費)와 상하차비(上下車費) 및 제경비(諸経費)의 순서(順序)로 구성(構成)되어 있다. 기업자(企業者)의 이윤율(利潤率)은 보통(普通) 위험률(危険率)을 포함(包含)하여 15% 정도로 합의(合議)되고 있으나 전체적(全体的)인 고금리(高金利) 추세(推勢)에 따라 임업(林業)에 관계(関係)되는 이자율(利子率) 및 이윤(利潤)의 폭(幅)도 점차 상승(上昇)하는 경향(傾向)이다. 또한 임업(林業)이 전체산업중(全体産業中) 차지하는 가중치(加重値)의 비율(比率)은 약(約) 2.41%에 해당(該當)하며, 금융기관(金融機関)의 자금지원(資金支援)은 극히 미미한 상태(狀態)로 전체(全体) 대출금중(貸出金中) 월간(月間) 약(約) 0.1% 정도로 차지하고 있을 뿐이다. 4. 평가액(評價額)의 사정(査定) 임목(林木)의 평가(評價)는 직선적(直線的)인 방법(方法)과 할인식방법(割引式方法)인 시장역산가방식(市場逆算價方式)으로 각각(各各) 계산(計算)되었다. 모든 변수(変数)를 대입(代入)하여 평가(評價)의 객관성(客觀性)을 확보(確保)하였으며, 그 결과(結果) 상기(上記)의 두가지 방식(方式)은 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았으나 지역간(地域間)의 가격차이(價格差異)는 상당(相當)히 큰 폭(幅)으로 발생(発生)하였다. 따라서 임목(林木)의 가격사정(價格査定)을 위해서는 변수(変数)가 객관성(客觀性)만 가지고 있다면 직선적(直線的)인 방법(方法)이나 할인식방법(割引式方法) 중 어떤 방법(方法)으로 계산(計算)되어도 큰 차이(差異)가 없는 객관적(客間的) 가격(價格)을 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.71-110
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 항공권 예약 발권 웹사이트의 서비스 품질을 측정 뿐만 아니라 서비스 회복도 측정하고자 하였다. 또한 서비스 품질과 서비스 회복이 고객만족 및 충성의도에 미치는 영향관계를 실증하고자 하였다. 온라인 서비스 품질과 온라인 서비스 회복의 측정을 위해 Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Malhotra(2005)가 개발한 E-S-QUAL과 E-RecS-QUAL을 사용했으며, 했다. E-S-QUAL은 온라인 서비스 품질을 측정하는 도구로써, 효율성, 시스템 이용가능성, 이행성, 프라이버시의 4개 차원 22개 항목으로 구성된다. E-RecS-QUAL은 온라인 서비스 회복을 측정하는 도구로써, 반응, 보상, 접촉의 3개 차원 11개 항목으로 구성된다. 실증분석을 위한 설문조사는 항공사나 여행사의 웹사이트를 통해 국내 외 항공권을 구입해 본 경험이 있는 소비자를 대상으로 실시하였는데, 총 400부가 회수되었고, 이 중 342부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 실증분석을 위해 AMOS 7.0과 SPSS 15.0을 사용하였다. 먼저, SPSS 15.0을 사용하여, 요인점수를 이용한 회귀분석으로 가설검증을 한 결과, <가설 I-1, 2, 3, 4, II-1, 2, 3, III-1, IV-1>이 전부 채택되었다. 온라인 서비스 품질과 온라인 서비스 회복의 각 차원은 모두 전반적인 서비스 품질에 유의한 영향을 보였고, 전반적인 서비스 품질은 고객만족에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 고객만족 역시 충성의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 AMOS 7.0을 사용하여 모형 분석을 하였는데, 모형의 적합도는 가설검증을 하기에 합당한 수치가 나왔다. 이를 토대로 가설검증을 한 결과, <가설 I-1, 3, II-1, 3, III-1, IV-1>은 채택되었고, <가설 I-2, 4, II-2>는 기각되었다. 이 결과는 Parasuraman et al.(2005)이 주장한 것처럼 E-S-QUAL을 나타내는 데는 요인점수를 이용한 회귀분석이 더 적합하다는 것을 보여주는 것이라고 판단된다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점을 정리하였다.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.64-104
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• 2005

Visual media transmits image and information reproduced in large quantities, such as a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, or computer image. Correspondence to the students' reception and recognition of culture in the future. arrangements for the field of studies of visual culture. 'Visual Culture' implies cultural phenomena of visual images via visual media, which includes not only the categories of traditional arts like a painting, sculpture, print, or design, but the performance arts including a fashion show or parade of carnival, and the mass and electronic media like a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, cartoon, animation, or computer image. In the world of visual media, Image' functions as an essential medium of communication. Therefore, people call the culture of today fra of Image Culture', which has been converted from an alphabet convergence era to an image convergence one. Image, via visual media, has become a dominant means for communication in large part of human life, so we can designate an Image' as a typical aspect of visual culture today. Image, as an essential medium of communication, plays an important role in contemporary society. The one way is the conversion of analogue image like an actual picture, photograph, or film into digital one through the digitalization of digital camera or scanner as 'an analogue/digital commutator'. The other is a way of process with a computer drawing, or modeling of objects. It is appropriate to the production of pictorial and surreal images. Digital images, produced by the other, can be divided into the form of Pixel' and form of Vector'. Vector is a line linking the point of departure to the point of end, which organizes informations. Computer stores each line's standard location and correlative locations to one another Digital image shows for more 'Perfectness' than any other visual media. Digital image has been evolving in the diverse aspects, such as a production of geometrical or organic image compositing, interactive art, multimedia art, or web art, which has been applied a computer as an extended trot of painting. Someone often interprets digitalized copy with endless reproduction of original even as an extension of a print. Visual af is no longer a simple activity of representation by a painter or sculptor, but now is intimately associated with a matter of application of media. There is some problem in images via visual media. First, the image via media doesn't reflect a reality as it is, but reflects an artificial manipulated world, that is, a virtual reality. Second, the introduction of digital effect and the development of image processing technology have enhanced a spectacle of destructive and violent scenes. Third, a child intends to recognize the interactive images of computer game and virtual reality as a reality, or truth. Education needs not only to point out an ill effect of mass media and prevent the younger generation from being damaged by it, but also to offer a knowledge and know-how to cope actively with social, cultural circumstances. Visual media education is one of these essential methods for the contemporary and future human being in the overflowing of image informations. The fosterage of 'Visual Literacy' can be considered as a very purpose of visual media education. This is a way to lead an individual to the discerning, active consumer and producer of visual media in life as far as possible. The elements of 'Visual Literacy' can be divided into a faculty of recognition related to the visual media, a faculty of critical reception, a faculty of appropriate application, a faculty of active work and a faculty of creative modeling, which are promoted at the same time by the education of 'visual literacy'. In conclusion, the education of 'Visual Literacy' guides students to comprehend and discriminate the visual image media carefully, or receive them critically, apply them properly, or produce them creatively and voluntarily. Moreover, it leads to an artistic activity by means of new media. This education can be approached and enhanced by the connection and integration with real life. Visual arts and education of them play an important role in the digital era depended on visual communications via image information. Visual me야a of day functions as an essential element both in daily life and in arts. Students can soundly understand visual phenomena of today by means of visual media, and apply it as an expression tool of life culture as well. A new recognition and valuation visual image and media education is required to cultivate the capability of active, upright dealing with the changes of history of civilization. 1) Visual media education helps to cultivate a sensibility for images, which reacts to and deals with the circumstances. 2) It helps students to comprehend the contemporary arts and culture via new media. 3) It supplies a chance of students' experiencing a visual modeling by means of new media. 4) There are educational opportunities of images with temporality and spaciality, and therefore a discerning person becomes to increase. 5) The modeling activity via new media leads students to be continuously interested in the school and production of plastic arts. 6) It raises the ability of visual communications dealing with image information society. 7) An education of digital image is significant in respect of cultivation of man of talent for the future society of image information as well. To correspond to the changing and developing social, cultural circumstances, and the form and recognition of students' reception of them, visual arts education must arrange the field of studying on a new visual culture. Besides, a program needs to be developed, which is in more systematic and active level in relation to visual media education. Educational contents should be extended to the media for visual images, that is, photography, film, television, video, computer graphic, animation, music video, computer game and multimedia. Every media must be separately approached, because they maintain the modes and peculiarities of their own according to the conveyance form of message. The concrete and systematic method of teaching and the quality of education must be researched and developed, centering around the development of a course of study. Teacher's foundational capability of teaching should be cultivated for the visual media education. In this case, it must be paid attention to the fact that a technological level of media is considered as a secondary. Because school education doesn't intend to train expert and skillful producers, but intends to lay stress on the essential aesthetic one with visual media under the social and cultural context, in respect of a consumer including a man of culture.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1041-1043
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• 1993

Fuzzy logic based Control Theory has gained much interest in the industrial world, thanks to its ability to formalize and solve in a very natural way many problems that are very difficult to quantify at an analytical level. This paper shows a solution for treating membership function inside hardware circuits. The proposed hardware structure optimizes the memoried size by using particular form of the vectorial representation. The process of memorizing fuzzy sets, i.e. their membership function, has always been one of the more problematic issues for the hardware implementation, due to the quite large memory space that is needed. To simplify such an implementation, it is commonly [1,2,8,9,10,11] used to limit the membership functions either to those having triangular or trapezoidal shape, or pre-definite shape. These kinds of functions are able to cover a large spectrum of applications with a limited usage of memory, since they can be memorized by specifying very few parameters ( ight, base, critical points, etc.). This however results in a loss of computational power due to computation on the medium points. A solution to this problem is obtained by discretizing the universe of discourse U, i.e. by fixing a finite number of points and memorizing the value of the membership functions on such points [3,10,14,15]. Such a solution provides a satisfying computational speed, a very high precision of definitions and gives the users the opportunity to choose membership functions of any shape. However, a significant memory waste can as well be registered. It is indeed possible that for each of the given fuzzy sets many elements of the universe of discourse have a membership value equal to zero. It has also been noticed that almost in all cases common points among fuzzy sets, i.e. points with non null membership values are very few. More specifically, in many applications, for each element u of U, there exists at most three fuzzy sets for which the membership value is ot null [3,5,6,7,12,13]. Our proposal is based on such hypotheses. Moreover, we use a technique that even though it does not restrict the shapes of membership functions, it reduces strongly the computational time for the membership values and optimizes the function memorization. In figure 1 it is represented a term set whose characteristics are common for fuzzy controllers and to which we will refer in the following. The above term set has a universe of discourse with 128 elements (so to have a good resolution), 8 fuzzy sets that describe the term set, 32 levels of discretization for the membership values. Clearly, the number of bits necessary for the given specifications are 5 for 32 truth levels, 3 for 8 membership functions and 7 for 128 levels of resolution. The memory depth is given by the dimension of the universe of the discourse (128 in our case) and it will be represented by the memory rows. The length of a world of memory is defined by: Length = nem (dm(m)＋dm(fm) Where: fm is the maximum number of non null values in every element of the universe of the discourse, dm(m) is the dimension of the values of the membership function m, dm(fm) is the dimension of the word to represent the index of the highest membership function. In our case then Length=24. The memory dimension is therefore 128*24 bits. If we had chosen to memorize all values of the membership functions we would have needed to memorize on each memory row the membership value of each element. Fuzzy sets word dimension is 8*5 bits. Therefore, the dimension of the memory would have been 128*40 bits. Coherently with our hypothesis, in fig. 1 each element of universe of the discourse has a non null membership value on at most three fuzzy sets. Focusing on the elements 32,64,96 of the universe of discourse, they will be memorized as follows: The computation of the rule weights is done by comparing those bits that represent the index of the membership function, with the word of the program memor . The output bus of the Program Memory (μCOD), is given as input a comparator (Combinatory Net). If the index is equal to the bus value then one of the non null weight derives from the rule and it is produced as output, otherwise the output is zero (fig. 2). It is clear, that the memory dimension of the antecedent is in this way reduced since only non null values are memorized. Moreover, the time performance of the system is equivalent to the performance of a system using vectorial memorization of all weights. The dimensioning of the word is influenced by some parameters of the input variable. The most important parameter is the maximum number membership functions (nfm) having a non null value in each element of the universe of discourse. From our study in the field of fuzzy system, we see that typically nfm 3 and there are at most 16 membership function. At any rate, such a value can be increased up to the physical dimensional limit of the antecedent memory. A less important role n the optimization process of the word dimension is played by the number of membership functions defined for each linguistic term. The table below shows the request word dimension as a function of such parameters and compares our proposed method with the method of vectorial memorization[10]. Summing up, the characteristics of our method are: Users are not restricted to membership functions with specific shapes. The number of the fuzzy sets and the resolution of the vertical axis have a very small influence in increasing memory space. Weight computations are done by combinatorial network and therefore the time performance of the system is equivalent to the one of the vectorial method. The number of non null membership values on any element of the universe of discourse is limited. Such a constraint is usually non very restrictive since many controllers obtain a good precision with only three non null weights. The method here briefly described has been adopted by our group in the design of an optimized version of the coprocessor described in [10].

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.131-181
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• 1983

After the investigation on, and the analysis of, the educational system for medical technicians and the present educational situation for medical technologies in this country, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. As of March 1983 the current academic system for education in medical technologies included the regular 4-year college courses and those of the 2-year professional junior college courses. But except in the cases on clinical pathology and physical therapy, there were no college-level departments. Particularly, no educational institutions, at whatever level, had a department for working therapies. 2. The total number of credits needed for graduation from a department of medical technologies was 150 points at a regular 4-year college and 85 to 96 points at a 2-year professional college. The obligatory minimum number of credits for a student at a professional college was set at 80 points and above. 3. As for the number of the educational institutions for medical technologies in this country, there were one regular college and 14 professional colleges, a total of 15 institutions. As many as 14 colleges had departments of clinical pathology, 12 had departments of Radiotechnology, 11 had departments of physical therapy, 12 had departments of dental technology, and eight had departments of dental hygiene. 4. The total capacity of the professional colleges in admitting new enrollment each year were 1,920 for clinical pathology, 1,552 for radiology, 1,012 for physical therapy, 1,334 for dental technologies, 828 for dental hygiene, an aggregate of 6,646 for all of the professional college departments. 5. The total number of graduates from the 12 professional colleges by department during the period of 1965-83 were 7,595 for clindical pathology, 4,768 for radiology, 2,821 for physical therapy, 3,000 for dental technologies, and 1,787 for dental hygiene, totalling 19,971 for all departments in the professional colleges. 6. In the state examination for licensed medical technicians, 12,446 have passed from among the total of 26,609 participants, representing a 45% passing ratio. By departments the ratios showed 44% for clinical pathology, 39.7% for radiology, 51.2% for physical therapy, 42.5% for dental technology, 72.5% for dental hygiene and 73.1% for working therapy. 7. As for the degree of satisfaction shown by the people in this field, 52.2 percent of the teaching staffs who responed to the questionaires said they were satisfied with their present profession, while the great majority of medical technicians(66%) replied that they were indifferent to the problem. 8. The degree of satisfaction shown by the students on their enrollment in this particular academic field was generally in the framework of indifference(43.7%), but mere students(36.5%) were satisfied with their choice than those were not satisfied(14.4%) 9. As for the student's opinions on the lectures and practicing hours, a good many students replied that, among such courses as general science and humanities courses the basic medical course, the major course and practicing hours, the hours provided for the general courses(47.1%) and practicing(47.6%) were insufficient. 10. When asked about the contents of their major courses, comparatively few students (23.6%) replied that the courses were too difficult, while a convincing majority(58.5%) said they were neither difficult nor easy. As for the appropriateness of the number of the present teaching staffs, a great majority(71.0%) of the students replied that the level of the teaching personnel in each particular field was insufficient. 11. Among the students who responded to the poll, good part of them(49.5%) wanted mandatory clinical practicing hours, and the the majority of them(64.6%) held the view that the experimental and practicing facilities of their schools were insufficient. 12. On the necessity of the attached hospitals, 71.1% of the teaching staffs and 58.0% of the medical technicians had the opinion that this kind of facility was indispensable. 13. As for the qualifications for applicants to the state examination in the licensing system for medical technicians, 52.2% of the teacher's and 36% of the medical technicians replied that the present system granting the qualifications according to the apprenticeship period should be abolished. 14. On the necessity of improving the present system for education in medical technologies, an overwhelming majority(94.4% of the :caching staffs, 92.0% of the medical technicians and 91.9% of students) of these polled replied that the present system should be changed for the better. 15. On the method of changes for the present educational system, a great majority(89.4% of the teaching staffs, 80.4% of the medical technicians and 90.1% of the students) said that the system must be changed so that it fits into the reality of the present day. 16. As for the present 2-year program for the professional colleges, 61.6% of the teachers, 72.0% of the medical technicians and 38.8% of the students expressed the hope that the academic period would be extended to four regular years, hemming a full-fledged collegelevels program. 17. On the life-long eductional system for medical technicians, there was a considerable number of people who expressed the hope that an open university system(38.9% of the teaching staffs, 36.0% of the medical technicians) and a graduate school system would be set up. 18. As for the future prospects for medical technicians as professionals, the optimists ana pessimists were almost equally divided, and 41.1% of the teaching staffs 36.0% of. the technicians and 50.5% of the students expressed an intermediate position on this issue.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.685-696
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• 1999

연구배경 : 특발성폐섬유화증은 만성적으로 간질 및 폐포에 염증반응과 섬유화가 진행되어 평균 생존기간이 5년 정도에 불과한 예후가 나쁜 질환이고 스테로이드나 면역억제제와 같이 부작용이 많은 약물치료로 효과를 보이는 환자는 일부에 불과하여 적극적 치료를 하기 힘든 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 특발성폐섬유화증에서 스테로이드 및 면역억제제 치료의 단기간 치료효과를 평가하면서 치료효과에 영향을 미치는 인자를 밝히고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지 삼성서울병원에서 수술적 폐생검을 통해 특발성 폐섬유화증으로 확진된 환자중 질환의 활동성이 있다고 판단되어 스테로이드나 면역억제제를 투여한 후 6개월이 경과한 18명 환자의 기록과 방사선 소견을 조사하였다. 치료전 기저검사로는 병력청취를 통한 임상적 특정과 폐기능검사, 기관지폐포세척술, 흉부HRCT를 시행하였고 치료 6개월째에 호흡곤란 정도의 변화, 폐기능검사의 변화와 흉부HRCT에서 병변 범위의 변화를 종합하여 치료효과를 판정하였다. 호전군은 1) 호흡곤란의 정도가 1단계이상 호전 2) FVC 또는 TLC가 10% 이상, 또는 DLco가 20% 이상 증가 3) 흉부HRCT소견상의 호전과 같은 3가지 항목중 2가지 이상 만족한 군으로 판정하였으며 나머지는 비호전군으로 정의하였다. 결 과 : 대상환자의 특성 대상환자 18명의 연령분포는 46세에서 69세로 연령의 중앙값은 54세였고, 남자가 6명, 여자가 12명이었다. 평균 흡연력은 8.6년이었고 치료전 호흡기증상의 기간이 평균 10개월이었다. 치료약제의 사용 전체 18명의 환자중 12명에서 prednisolone으로 치료를 시작하여 이중 2명은 치료중에도 임상적으로 악화를 보여 cyclophosphamide로 치료를 전환하였으나 질환의 악화가 진행하였으며 나머지 10명은 prednisolone만으로 끝까지 치료하여 7명이 호전군으로 판정되었다. Cyclophosphamide로 치료를 시작하였던 6명은 모두 약제변경없이 끝까지 투여하여 2명이 호전군으로, 4명은 비호전군으로 판정되었다. 치료효과 및 약제부작용 18명의 환자중 호전군이 9명이었고 비호전군이 9명이었다. 폐기능검사상 호전군에서 유일하게 FVC가 평균 15.7%가 증가하였고(p<0.05) 흉부HRCT 소견중 간유리음영의 면적이 유의한 감소를 보였으며($8.5{\pm}3.6%$ 감소, p<0.05) 비호전군에서는 불규칙 망상음영(2.7% 증가, p<0.05) 과 봉와양음영(7.0% 증가, p<0.05)의 범위가 증가하였다. 치료약제의 부작용으로는 스테로이드 유발성 정신병이 1명에서 발생하였는데 중도에 치료를 포기하여 최종 대상환자 18명에는 포함되지 않았고, 나머지 스테로이드 복용환자중 결핵성 늑막염 1명, 대상포진 2명, 백내장 1명, 당뇨병이 1명에서 발생하였고 cyclophosphamide 복용 환자군에서는 가벼운 위장장애 외에는 특별한 부작용이 없었다. 치료효과에 대한 예측인자 조직학적 분류상 NSIP(p<0.001), 여성(p<0.01), 호흡곤란의 정도가 3단계이상(p<0.05) 및 비흡연자(p<0.001), BAL 검사상 임파구 증가 소견(p<0.05)이 있었던 경우와 흉부HRCT상 불규칙 망상음영이나 봉와양음영의 면적이 적었던 경우(p<0.05)에 치료에 대한 반응이 좋았다. 결 론 : 특발성폐섬유화증 환자에서 내과적 약물치료는 적지 않은 부작용이 있었으나, 병리진단이 NSIP로 확인되거나 기관지폐포세척술 검사상 임파구 증가 소견이 있는 환자는 적극적인 스테로이드 및 면역억제제 치료를 통해 호전될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 향후 좀 더 많은 환자수에서 다변량분석을 통해 이러한 예측인자들의 독립적인 변수로서의 검정이 필요하리라 사료된다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.26-44
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• 2017

한국 전통 연지의 시원으로 평가되는 궁남지는 "삼국사기"에 나타난 무왕의 연지 축조 기록, 사비왕궁으로 추정되는 관북리 유적 및 화지산 이궁지 남쪽에 위치한 지리적 정황에 의해 궁남지로 비정되는 한편 사적으로 지정 복원되었다. 본 연구는 궁남지의 복원정비 과정에 나타난 진정성 왜곡과 전통의 발명에 초점을 맞추어 고찰되었으며, 연구의 요약된 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 마래방죽[마천지]으로 불려왔던 궁남지는 일제 강점기 때만 해도 3만여 평의 광대한 자연 저습지의 상태로 존재했다. 궁남지 복원에 주도적인 역할을 했던 홍사준은 1940년대만 해도 마래방죽에 백제시대 궁남지 유적으로 추정되는 섬과 석축시설이 남아있었고 그 위에 전각 및 정원을 조성한 흔적이 발견되었다고 전했다. 또한 화지산 이궁터의 조사 후 서동설화와 연관시켜 마래방죽을 궁남지와 동일시하는 의견을 피력하였는데, 이는 궁남지 복원정비의 이론적 근거로 작용하였다. 특히 홍사준이 제시한 스케치 도면 및 부여도엽에서 마래방죽의 형태와 규모를 엿볼 수 있었는데, 이러한 방죽의 형태는 일제 강점기에 촬영된 사진 속 상황과 근사한 것으로 판단된다. 2. 궁남지의 축소정비는 1960년대 추진된 경지정리사업에 의해 농경지로 불하되고 남은 잔여의 면적이 수습된 결과였다. 1965~67년에 있었던 최초 복원공사 이래 수차례 시행된 궁남지 정비를 통해 드러난 문제는 고고학적 사실에 근거하지 않은 채 후대의 시각으로 추정복원 되면서 경복궁 향원지의 구성을 그대로 복제한 데 기인한다. 구체적으로, 연못 안에 섬과 정자를 놓고 교량으로 섬과 육지를 연결시키는 구성은 궁남지가 경복궁 향원정을 모델로 만들어졌음을 방증해 준다. 하지만 교량설계에 참조된 취향교 조차도 조선시대의 형식으로 보기 어려운바 당시의 잘못된 복원설계의 동기와 발상이 궁남지의 가치를 크게 저하시켰다고 판단된다. 이처럼 전통조경의 소재로서 이미 널리 알려진 디자인 전범을 그대로 모방한 것은 경복궁이 갖는 미적 표상과 기호를 지향한 것으로서, 궁남지가 그와 유사한 장소 권위를 획득하도록 의도된 것이었다. 3. 궁남지는 애초부터 진정성이 결여된 채 정비된 사적이었기 때문에 정비 과정에서 경관의 왜곡과 전통성의 남용을 통해 유적의 역사적 맥락이 과감히 표방되어 갔다. 이러한 역사 재료의 무비판적인 활용과 왜곡을 불사한 정비방식은 1960~70년대 박정희 체제에 의해 주도된 민족주의 문화정책과 맞닿아 있다. '만들어진 전통담론'의 맥락에서, 박정희 시기의 문화정책은 국민의 기억에서 이상화된 과거를 취사선택하여 그것을 가시적으로 부각시키는 방향으로 전개되었다. 그 결과, 이전의 유적을 보수하는 수준을 넘어서서 화려하고 웅장한 모습이 부각된 사적지가 전국 곳곳에 생겨나게 되었는데, 궁남지가 초기에 순수한 보존의식으로 축소되어 정비되었음에도 불구하고 점차 본래 공간과는 상관없는 새로운 건조물들이 들어서고 기형적으로 확장 정비되어 갔던 사실은 그러한 국가주도 문화정책의 영향이 컸다고 판단된다.