• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.717-723
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• 2014

Background: This study was carried out to investigate the interaction of p53 codon 72 polymorphism, dietary and tobacco habits with reference to risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. A total of 105 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 210 age, sex and ethnicity matched healthy population controls were included in this study. Materials and Methods: The p53 codon 72 polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. H. pylori infection status was determined by ELISA. Information on various dietary and tobacco related habits was recorded with a standard questionnaire. Results: This study revealed that overall, the Pro/Pro genotype was significantly associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 2.54; 95%CI, 1.01-6.40) as compared to the Arg/Arg genotype. In gender stratified analysis, the Pro/Pro genotype showed higher risk (OR, 7.50; 95%CI, 1.20-47.0) than the Arg/Arg genotype among females. Similarly, the Pro/Pro genotype demonstrated higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 6.30; 95%CI, 1.41-28.2) among older people (>60 years). However, no such associations were observed in males and in individuals <60 years of age. Smoke dried fish and preserved meat (smoke dried/sun dried) consumers were at increased risk of stomach cancer (OR, 4.85; 95%CI, 1.91-12.3 and OR, 4.22; 95%CI, 1.46-12.2 respectively) as compared to non-consumers. Significant gene-environment interactions exist in terms of p53 codon 72 polymorphism and stomach cancer in Mizoram. Tobacco smokers with Pro/Pro and Arg/Pro genotypes were at higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 16.2; 95%CI, 1.72-153.4 and OR, 9.45; 95%CI, 1.09-81.7 respectively) than the non-smokers Arg/Arg genotype carriers. The combination of tuibur user and Arg/Pro genotype also demonstrated an elevated risk association (OR, 4.76; 95%CI, 1.40-16.21). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study revealed that p53 codon 72 polymorphism and dietary and tobacco habit interactions influence stomach cancer development in Mizoram, India.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.145-165
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate items for improving environmental education in elementary school for the more efficiency policies of environmental education. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of each items through Analytic Hierarchy Process for the various groups of the expert who is related with environmental education. We made hierarchical structure for efficiency education through brainstorming process. The hierarchical structure consisted of 3 high-level items and 8 low-level items. The questionnaires were distributed to 4 groups with 187 experts. After the consistency test of returned questionnaires, we gained 60 available questionnaires of experts. According to the generalization results of all groups, "The pro-environmental attitude of the teacher" is the most important. The second important thing is "The pro-environmental attitude of the schoolmaster" and the third is "Experiential learning and on-the-spot study concerning environment". And the following are "Budget for environmental education" and "Environmental education in discretionary activity", "Teaching materials for environmental education", "The cultivation of the experts on environmental education", "Environment event in school" in order. As the result, we have to intensify the pro-environmental attitude of the teachers and schoolmasters and develop experiential learning and on-the-spot study programs concerned environment to improve environmental education. At the same time, we need the more politic support related with budget for environmental education.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제3호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the long term effect of a pleasantly designed interior on pro-saptial behavior. For pleasantly designed interior, the existing interior was remodeled through the change of finishing materials for major architectural elements such as wall, floor and ceiling, and changes of furniture and it's arrangement . Pro-spatial behavior was operationalized as seat arranging behavior and measured through the arranged condition and observable arranging behavior. Time-series design, one of quasi-experimental design was used. The data in this study were extracted from an existing field experimental research. Five hundred survey video tapes record during 2 years period were used. In conclusion, the pleasantly designed environment has a long term effect on the pro-spatial behavior change . While self-centered pro-spatial was improved continuously and even reinforced , altruistic pro-spatial behavior was improved but diminished as time passed. There were no differences in the effect between male and female children. The result of the research provide scientific background of an answer to why Interior Design.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

이 연구의 목적은 다양한 산성 환경에서 규산 삼칼슘 재료인 Biodentine$^{(R)}$, Theracal$^{(R)}$, ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$의 압출강도를 측정하고 표면형태를 관찰하는 것이었다. 각각의 재료에 대해 샘플을 4개의 그룹으로 나누었다. 산성 조건 그룹은 pH 4.4, 5.4, 6.4의 부티르산 조건에서, 대조군 그룹은 pH 7.4의 인산완충식염수 조건에서 4일간 $37^{\circ}C$에서 보관하였다. 이후 압출강도를 측정하고 표면 형태를 분석하였다. Biodentine$^{(R)}$과 Theracal$^{(R)}$은 모든 산성 조건에서 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$ 보다 더 높은 압출강도를 보였고 pH 감소에 따라 압출강도가 감소하였다. 주사전자현미경을 이용한 관찰 결과 재료들 모두 산성 조건에서 표면 형태에 상당한 변화를 보였다. 결론적으로, Biodentine$^{(R)}$과 Theracal$^{(R)}$은 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$와 비교하여 더 높은 압출강도를 보였다. 또한 산성 조건은 규산삼칼슘 재료들의 압출강도와 미세구조를 약화시킬 수 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.111-134
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• 2004

The purpose of this dissertation is firstly to examine the level of pro-environmental behavior of urban employed wives depending on their life style type and secondly to identify effective ways to promote their pro-environmental behavior. A structured questionnaire interview was conducted with 700 urban employed wives who lived in the Seoul Metropolitan area, and 566 of the responses were valid for analysis. For statistical analysis, this research reviewed the frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation(SD), Pearson's correlations, Cronbach's u, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, $\chi$$^2$-test, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and multiple regression using SPSS/PC WIN. The findings of analysis of the study are as follows: 1. Among life style types of employed wives, the order of ecological value was orientation type (37.3%), followed by economical value orientation type (25.8%), uninterested type (18.7%), and convenience-centric value orientation type (18.2%).Pro-environmental behavior scored relatively highly at 3.45 in average. 2. In the analysis of the relationship between life style and background variations, every variation except environmental knowledge was meaningful. 3. In the relationship between pro-environment behavior and background variations, every variation was meaningful except housing types, having helper or not, and environmental knowledge. 4. The recognition level of environmental pollution was important among the variations affecting pro-environmental behavior. 5. There was a difference in pro-environmental behaviors by the following life style types: ecological value orientation, economical value orientation, convenience centric orientation and uninterested. 6. For the relative contribution comparison of background variations (socio-economic variation and environmental variation) and life style variations to the pro-environmental behavior of urban empolyed wives, this research additionally applied each independent variable group. As a result, the explanation level drastically increased in the third step that analyzed the relationship with life style.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2007년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.183-186
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• 2007

In modern society, sense of crisis from environmental destruction caused by rapid industrial development, economic growth and improvement of educational level and medicine made environmental preservation and comfortable residential environment a necessary and sufficient condition. Since government conducted 'green building rating system' from 2002, application of pro-environmental elements has been extended. But the concept of substantial pro-environmental housing remains the stage of complex planning yet and application of system to interior space which has the most direct influence on actual dwellers is very poor.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.511-525
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• 2014

This study set out to investigate consumers' attitudes toward pro-environment, and their actual purchasing behavior. It aimed to empirically examine the effects of the consumers' attitudes toward pro-environmental products, the importance of the product attributes and the perceived value of the companies' environmental activities, on their purchasing behavior of eco-friendly fashion products, including their satisfaction, trust, and repurchase intention. The questionnaires were administered on 304 married women with previous experience of buying eco-friendly fashion products. The results were as follows. First, the consumers' behavioral patterns in terms of environmental concerns and the purchasing of eco-friendly household items were significantly positive in relation to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Second, the importance of eco-friendly attributes was significantly positive in relation to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Third, the perceived value of corporate environmental activity was not related to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Finally, the purchasing behavior of eco-friendly fashion products was significantly positive in relation to the satisfaction with eco-friendly fashion products as well as the trust and repurchase intention, and satisfaction and trust positively affected the repurchase intention. The implication of the research and direction for future study were discussed.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.16-31
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the integrated atmosphere environmental education program on environmental attitudes for 5th graders in elementary school. The major results of this study were as follows. First, the developed atmosphere environmental education program had a positive effect on environmental attitudes of elementary students. Second, it also had a positive effect on their interest and desire of atmosphere environment issues. Third, it had a positive correlation among the 3 subdomains of cognitive, affective and behavioral. In conclusion, the atmosphere environmental education program is more directly effective than lectures on environment following the curriculum to improve students' attitudes toward environment. Therefore, it is required that more systematic research should be done linking with teaching and learning methods, as a follow-up activity.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.449-462
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• 2017

Direct treatment of municipal wastewater by forward osmosis (FO) process was evaluated in terms of water flux decline, reverse salt diffusion, pollutants rejection and concentration efficiency by using synthetic seawater as the draw solution. It was found that when operating in PRO mode (active layer facing the draw solution), although the FO membrane exhibited higher osmotic water flux, more severe flux decline and reverse salt diffusion was also observed due to the more severe fouling of pollutants in the membrane support layer and accompanied fouling enhanced concentration polarization. In addition, although the water flux decline was shown to be lower for the FO mode (active layer facing the feed solution), irreversible membrane fouling was identified in both PRO and FO modes as the water flux cannot be restored to the initial value by physical flushing, highlighting the necessity of chemical cleaning in long-term operation. During the 7 cycles of filtration conducted in the experiments, the FO membrane exhibited considerably high rejection for TOC, COD, TP and $NH_4{^+}-N$ present in the wastewater. By optimizing the volume ratio of seawater draw solution/wastewater feed solution, a concentration factor of 3.1 and 3.7 was obtained for the FO and PRO modes, respectively. The results demonstrated the validity of the FO process for direct treatment of municipal wastewater by using seawater as the draw solution, while facilitating the subsequent utilization of concentrated wastewater for bioenergy production, which may have special implications for the coastline areas.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제5권
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• pp.171-204
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• 2000

This paper intends to investigate the hierarchical effects of personality variables and values on pro-environmental product purchase and recycling behaviors mediated by 3 factor environmental attitudes. Previous literature review on pro-environmental behaviors has three categories of research trends. The first category generally done during 70's and early 80's is mainly focused on identifying pro-environmental consumer groups. Second stream of studies has focused on the mediating and moderating effects of variables, such as PCE, environmental knowledge, the perceived importance of behavioral consequences etc., on various pro-environmental behaviors. The last and latest trends of literature is focused on hierarchical and interactive effects of variables on behaviors. Following the trends of literature is review of such specific variables as social responsibility, community mindedness, locus of control, values, and environmental attitudes. The result shows that both locus of control and social responsibility have positive effects on two of environmental attitudes, harmony with nature and limits to growth, but community mindedness did not have effects on environmental attitudes. And social belonging value has positive effects on two of environmental attitudes, limits to growth and nature over human, and environmental value has positive effects on the formation of harmony with nature and limits to growth. But self-actualization has negative effects. And it's also suggested the positive effects of environmental attitudes on purchase and recycling behaviors. Specifically, all environmental attitude variables have positive effects on the formation of pro-environmental product purchase and recycling behaviors except in case of the effects of nature over human to recycling. And it's also revealed that pro-environmental product purchase is a preceeding behavior to recycling behavior, which suggest that consumers have to purchase environment friendly and recyclable products in order to engage in effective recycling behavior. Various applications of the results are discussed in the conclusion.