• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

This paper attempted to examine the value of private house garden as a historical garden among local cultural heritages remaining in Chungcheong-do Province. To this end, the following conclusions were drawn through the framework of value analysis in which the contents of Ji Cheng's Yuanye of China, Tachibana Toshitsuna's Sakuteiki in Japan, and HISTORIC GARDENS THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1981 were applied to target sites. First, local cultural heritage belong to unregistered cultural heritage, and a total of 616 local cultural heritages in Chungcheong-do Province were identified, and Cheongju City possesses the largest number of local cultural heritages. Most of the local cultural heritages are distributed in ancient capital or adjacent to it, and five of the local heritages are related to historical garden. Second, the target sites were old houses constructed during the Joseon Dynasty with a long history, and although there were few changes in spatial division, the scale of some gardens and outer yard spaces was reduced due to urban planning, etc. Third, the target site is Sangjihapui(相地合宜) and Inchacheui(因借體宜) in location and space division, so the space is divided according to the surrounding terrain and the landscape is naturally drawn to construct a garden. Fourth, the garden of the target site has a structural value of a garden that is Jeongihapui(精而合宜) and Gyoideukche(巧而得體) as it is subtle and naturally constructed with the garden by grasping the surrounding terrain. Fifth, for the continuous preservation of historical garden, it is necessary to strengthen the already enacted local cultural heritage ordinance, and to establish a documentary project for each spatial component and a plan for climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.35-59
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• 2018

Professor Bin Cheng said that outer space was res extra commercium, while the moon and the other celestial bodies were res nullius before the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST). However, Article 2 of the OST made the moon and other celestial bodies have the legal status as res extra commmercium, not appropriated by any country or private enterprises or individual person, but the resources there can be freely available, as those on the high seas. The non-appropriation principle was introduced to corpus juris spatialis internationalis. Whether or not the non-appropriation principle is binding for the non-parties of the OST, many scholars see this principle as an international customary law, even developing into jus cogens. Article 11(2) of the Moon Agreement(MA) reconfirms the nonappropriation principle of Article 2 of the OST, but it has much less effect than the OST because the MA binds only the 18 parties involved. The MA applies only to the moon and celestial bodies other than the Earth in the Solar System, the OST's application scope extends to the Galaxy because the OST has no such substantive enactment. As referred to in the 2015 CSLCA of USA or Luxembourg's Law of Space Resources, allowing individuals and enterprises run by other countries to commercially explore and utilize the space resources, the question may arise whether this violates the non-appropriation principle under Article 2 of the OST and Article 11 of the MA. In the case of the CSLCA, the law explicitly specifies that sovereignty, possessory rights, and judiciary rights to a specific celestial body cannot be claimed, let alone ownership. This author believes that this law respects the legal status of outer space and the celestial bodies as res extra commmercium. As long as any countries or private enterprises or individuals respect the non-appropriation principle of outer space and the celestial bodies, they could use, exploit it. Another question might be raised in the difference between res extra commercium on the high seas and res extra commercium in outer space and the celestial bodies. Collecting resources on the high seas and exploiting space resources should be interpreted differently. On the high seas, resources can be collected without any obstacles like fishing, whereas, in the case of the deep sea-bed area, the Common Heritage of Mankind principles under the UNCLOS should be operated by the International Seabed Authority as an international regime. The nature or form of the sea resources found on the high seas are thus different from that of space resources, which are fixed on the moon and the celestial bodies without water. Thus, if individuals or private enterprises collect these resources from outer space and the celestial bodies, they might secure a certain section and continue collecting or mining works without any limitation. If an American enterprise receives an approval from the U.S. government, secures the best location and collects resources on the moon, can other countries' enterprises access to this area? How large the exploiting place can be allotted on the moon? How long should such a exploiting activity be lasted? Under the current international space law, these matters might be handled according to the principle of "first come, first served." As a consequence, the international community should provide a guideline or a proposal for the settlement of any foreseeable disputes during the space activity to solve plausible space legal questions in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

Urban park planning has become difficult due to the lack of municipal funds. Thereupon, a special scheme was imposed for city park planning. Since then, a legal amendment was made for economical improvement and more active participation. However, there are a lot of questions about whether it was a suitable direction for parks and where it should be emphasized for public interest. Base on these concerns, this study examined the basis and characteristics of location, creation, and maintenance of private development parks in Japan, which was the policy model of Korean private parks. Location and space planning of private development parks was made up considering an effective green network and disaster prevention function, and a minimum area was about 1.42ha. The minimum area, 1ha, was established on the basis of considering realistic possibilities, disaster protection, and universal validity. It was also amended to consider the standard of type two mid- to high-rise exclusive residential areas and consultation with regional governance. Finally, it was built on the lowest limit of ordinance of the relevant city; for example, 100% of the floor area ratio, 30% of the building coverage ratio, and the maximum height of 11 stories, etc. For maintenance, private and public sectors were working together. Maintenance fees for 35 years (based on $300yen/m^2$ per month) were paid en bloc by the licensee. However, the city was paid for facilities that accompanied excessive maintenance costs. Meanwhile, it seemed difficult to introduce attractive profit facilities because of the limitations in location, usage permission, and introduction equipment; furthermore, there were problems with management authority, and the burden of expenses was deducted. For creating private Korean parks, this study suggested that we should build priority of creating city parks and select appropriate locations first; also, we need to make criteria for location, creation, and standard management rules that are relevant to the whole nation of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.42-49
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• 2006

We have analysed the use and organization of space in the Centres des Documentations et de Informations(CDI) in lycees in France with the equivalent information centres. The majority of CDI are located in close proximity to the Academic staff and provide easy student access. The CDI provide not only books but also reviews, magazines and CD-Rom. This information is very important to pupils both in the pursuit of their higher studies and also with their future professional life as there is also careers information available to be discussed regularly with the careers advisor. The function of the CDI is not only to provide information. As part of the curriculum there are classes on how to access the information available in the CDI as well as Seminars and Audio-Visual courses. This management makes it possible for the CDI to operate, not only as a school library but also as a multi-function centre of documentation and information; a variety of spaces are also available: a room for private/small group study. A computer room (as well as a research corner), a reading room, monthly review room, photocopy room, rest room, exhibition room, careers information room, audio visual room etc. The results of this study can be used as essential information during the space planning of Korean school libraries in the future.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.71-80
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present status of dwelling spaces and deduct sustainable elements in transformation of them by comparing the restored drawings with the surveyed drawings focused on traditional houses that exist in the urban area of cheongju city in Korea. In alteration and extension of these traditional houses, scale of a private room became larger as it has been connected and expanded, the exterior main hall (Daecheong) became the interior living room, and the conventional kitchen was westernized and changed from K type to DK or LDK type. The toilet located at outside was installed by the attached aisle (Toetgan) inside and the existing room. The extension was completed with equipments, storage space, and rental accommodation. The conservative and sustainable elements in the various transformation of them are as follows. Firstly, it was to maintain 3 rooms such as main room (anbang)-main hall (daecheong)-detached room (gunnunbang). Secondly, it was to sustain the circulation of kitchen and arrangement of the - type worktable even though it was westernized. Thirdly, extension of storage space was completed less than 600 mm within the eaves. Although there were functionally and structurally many changes in 18 houses, 4 houses had maintained wooden floor of main hall, 5 houses long planked wooden floor of the attached aisle, and 12 houses rafter ceiling of the main hall and the attached aisle.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2013

With the methodology of AHP, this paper focuses on communication activities and their constituents in city parks, selecting 11 constituents, natural or artificial, and establishes an evaluation model on the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of tourists' communication activities in order to obtain the weight and order of importance of the constituents of communication activities space. First-grade indicators influence weight and the order of the constituents of communication activities space are: artificial constituents (0.6614) > natural constituents (0.3386). The weight and order of five secondary indicators attached to natural constituents: private space (0.1538) > shade tree (0.0955) > gentle slope mound (0.0474) > beautiful waterscape (0.0270) > sunshine lawn (0.0149); the weight and order of six secondary indicators attached to artificial constituents: field boundary (0.2865) > Leisure chairs (0.1843) > resting areas (0.0795) > appropriate square (0.0533) > tree-lined road (0.0352) > landscape sketch (0.0227).Using modern decision analysis methodology to research the relationship of environment constituent elements has great theoretical and practical significance for the scientific design and construction of suitable environment for human needs.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2013

Purpose: This study examines construction core plans for the users of vertical-typed general hospitals to effectivly use the flow line. Methods: The study sampled representative 9 hospitals, calculated the depth value through Convex Map of Space Syntax and Justified Graph according to the determination of form of construction cire, and analyzed its functional connectivity. Results: The analysis of the connectivity between operation core part and emergency part of core space with high importance in the hospitals showed that the types of hospital and hospital have the lowest depth value in the spatial phase diagram, where central treatment part and outpatient part are arranged well vertically. Elevators for patients at these hospitals are close to operation and emergency parts actually separated from the elevators for passengers. For shortening of flow line of patients and private movement environment, however, it is desirable to arrange the elevators for patients to be adjacent to the operation parts and to arrange the emergent patient entrances more effectively to separate them from the flow line of visitors and guardians. Implications: Consideration should be taken into account for the effective flow line design. This study hopefully may serve as a stepping stone for the standard design of horizontal/vertical flow line.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.100-114
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of supermodern fashion designer's work, which is shown by responding to supermodern environment where non-spaces such as road, railroad and airport are surplus in modern city environment. For the study, the researcher used existing study and specialized book basically and analyzed photograph materials by selecting them in specialized fashion book, internet site and designer's homepage. The results of this study showed that supermodern fashion design is the functional fashion responding to the change of time and space concept of supermodern society directly. As the common points of supermodern designer's works, first, they try to create private space enabling wearer to cope with risk caused by the environmental change and transitional space by adding architectural factor to fashion. Second, they display the design with protective function and metaphorical expression of concealment and deception in the supermodern environment where nonspace is increasing. Third, designers search the functional design from the aspect of fabric and detail while intending the technology in order to cope with supermodern environment.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2019

In this study, we the characteristics of the spatial layout have been analyzed focusing on the case of compulsory schools, which are the forms of elementary and middle integrated schools in Japan. Thus, according to the development stage of the elementary·middle students, we derived the characteristics of the space structure and layout of the classrooms of each class. and derived spatial arrangement of private and shared space of elementary and middle integrated schools. In addition, we analyzed the characteristics of subject classroom collaboration by beginner, intermediate and advanced level, derived a desirable subject classroom placement plan, and suggested the basic direction of Korean elementary and middle integrated schools focusing on the direction of space layout composition.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of space usage patterns by types of elderly households(single or couple). For the study, 74 elders who were older than 65 were selected and their living behaviors at their home during a day (24 hours) were analyzed. Respondents were classified into 6 types based on a combination of their household type, income level and health status. The results showed that the elderly residents tended to live a well-regulated life, however, each type had unique time and space use pattern. For example, the more the elder residents were healthy, the more they used many rooms. Frail elderly residents spent most of the day in their bedroom. Also, if they had a spouse, each one tended to use a separate private room for his or her daily life whether they shared a bedroom or not.