• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.32
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• pp.333-367
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• 2006

This paper attempted to examine to what extent advertising as expression has been constitutionally protected through an analysis on the reputational-right-related legal cases. In order to make the understanding more clearly, this paper applied Van Alstyne's graphical depiction on how commercial speech is protected compared with other constitutional rights such as political speech, private expression, defamation, and obscene expression. Through the analysis, this paper found out that first, in the legal cases, there has been no consideration on whether the status of the plaintiff is public figure or private figure, whereas in the libel cases, Korean courts has made a distinction between public figure and private figure since 2002; second, when the case is concerned with corporations, the Korean courts do not give consideration on the status of corporation, while the status of corporation is a somewhat important factor in deciding the degree of responsibility in the U.S.; third, even though it is clear that advertising in Korea is being protected as expression, it is nebulous whether it is well balanced with other personal rights that are constitutionally protected. Conclusively, applying the Alstyne's graphical depiction on Korean advertising, it advertising as expression in Korea is being provided lower protection than defamation. To put it differently, like the case in the U.S., advertising, although it is allegedly protected as expression, does not yet enjoy full-fledged constitutional protection in Korean society. Rather, there must be some actions to be taken to enhance the degree of protection of advertising.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5067-5072
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• 2013

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a significant role in apoptosis, cellular proliferation and motility. The aim of the present study was to analyze mutations and gene expression profiles of the PI3KCA gene to determine any role in breast carcinomas. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 38 breast cancers for mutations in the two PIK3CA hotspots in exons 9 and 20 by direct sequencing of DNA obtained from biopsy samples. We have also analyzed expression of the PI3KCA gene in 38 breast carcinoma tumor and corresponding control tissue samples at the mRNA level by RT-PCR. The Fisher's exact test ($2{\times}2$ only) was performed using MedCalc software for to examine associations with mRNA levels. Results: In the present study a total of 13 cases demonstrated somatic mutations. In 9/13 cases 1633 G>A (E545K) were found in exon 9, whereas in exon 20, 4/13 cases had 3140A>G mutation. Our combined analysis showed PI3KCA mutations present in 34% of human breast cancer patients. In our study, we have also clearly found significantly higher expression in breast cancer tissues in comparison with control tissues (p=0.001). Conclusions: PIK3CA mutation is an emerging tumor marker that, in the future, might be used in the process of choosing a treatment. The detection of PI3KCA mutation might have important clinical implications for diagnosis, progression and therapy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2002

Despite its relatively small size, at least compared to other architectural programs, the house figures large in the cultural imagination. Closely identified with the individual and nuclear family, it has been frequently considered as an expression of widely held, even universal, values. Conversely, the private house has also been emblematic of more subjective desires, that change not only from person to person but from generation to generation. Certain conclusions can be drawn about the status of the private house at the end of the century, both as cultural invention and as a product of the autonomous discipline of architecture. The contemporary loftlike living space is similarly associated with work, given its emergence as an alternative home for individuals wanting space in which to live and work. In the case of what might be called the "un-private house", it is ofen a digital presence and the change of family system. This study was conducted to define the un-private house through public/private. The architectural characteristics of un-private house are as follows; 1) Alternatives- large open space with multiple function and collective free plan 2) Dematerialization- steel and glass with visual openness and ambiguity 3) Digital & Interfaces- fold and screen using technology and program. Especially, the un-private house is designed to provide individuals with emotional, superficial, and synergistic space, focusing on the personal life-style.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2004

This study attempts to clarify inter-relationship between design expression in the surface of contemporary multi-family housing and physical trends in this digital age. The study examines characteristics of housing design influenced from new digital technology in the forms of metaphor such as dematerialization, fluidity and mobility. Currently constructed multi-family housing in Europe after 1990 has been analyzed to find digital reflections in the surfaces. As a conclusion, findings are as follows; In this digital age, a house is considered as a base in the forms of boxes and containers to network to outer worlds. In a complex of multi-family housing, public spaces move to the inside and become parts of private domain. Therefore, a house directly faces a street/outer world without transitional areas and devices. The facades of housing become delicate skins to control private domain in the inside and the world in the outside. In this digital age, the surfaces of housing are designed by ways of wrapping and screening. Printing and mapping methods are used to surface design because they are manipulative and flexible methods in design like graphic design. Screening devices using louvers and shutters are powerful tools to make random and unpredictable images. If units of a louver and a shutter were pixels, a whole surface would be a digital screen. In such assumption, the facade of buildings reflects digital screen to interface while the louvers in operation reflect clicking to network. As a conclusion, design expression in surfaces in-between of multi-family housing is a metaphor of digital mechanism.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.568-574
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• 2018

This study examined the perceptions of emotional labor among the National General Hospital and Private General Hospital in Chungcheong area. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions difference of public and private general hospitals. In addition, we tried to analyze the effect of emotional labor on organizational commitment by distinguishing between workers in National and Private General Hospitals. The purpose of this study is to provide the theoretical base data for mitigating emotional labor of hospital workers in the future. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, In the case of employees working at the National General Hospital, the influence of the emotional labor of the hospital workers on the organizational commitment of the hospital workers increased as the frequency of emotional expression increased. However, it was found that as attentiveness of emotional expression and emotive dissonance deepened, the degree of organizational commitment of hospital workers decreased. On the other hand, the influence of emotional labor of the hospital workers on the organizational commitment of the hospital workers in the Private General Hospital was found to be better in the organizational commitment as they pay more attention to emotional expression. However, in the case of emotive dissonance, The more deeply emotive dissonance, the less the organizational commitment of Private General Hospital workers. Second, the frequency of emotional expression in the hospital workers' perception difference of emotional labor was higher than that of the National General Hospitals. However, in the variety of emotional expression, it was confirmed that the employees of the Private General Hospitals had more varied expressions of emotions than those of the National General hospitals. In addition, it was found that the difference of recognition of the organizational commitment of the hospital workers according to the type of hospital work was higher in the organizational commitment of the employees of the National General Hospital than those of the Private General Hospitals.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.233-237
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• 2010

This paper addresses a problem of violating the member accessibility of a class in C++, which is not detected as an error by existing C++ compilers. The member access specifiers can be used to specify member accessibility. The C++ uses a private or protected specifier for specifying the members which cannot be accessed from outside of an object. However, the private or protected members can be accessed from outside of that object by the pointer arithmetic in C++. We show some violating examples that cannot be detected by existing C++ compilers. The contribution of this paper is to discover and define the new problem of the member accessibility.

• The Journal of Korean-Japanese National Studies
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• no.32
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• pp.215-275
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• 2017

In the absence of the alternative public space of women in Japan, the experience of the "Bongseonhwa" was interpreted as the public domain of Japanese society as a public domain, a confession that focused on gender discrimination in the patriarchal system of Japan, Most of the enemy discourse is. These alienated discourses are the product of the efforts of women in Japan who do not want to forget about the traces and memories that can not be incorporated into the big narrative. It can not be denied that the women in the society of Japan have been excessively excluded and alienated by national ideology and patriarchal ideology. The meaning of presenting them through "Bongsinghwa" is the resistance of the minority, and it is the expression way of reconstructing and strengthening the identity of the women, and it is said to be a space of symbolic meaning. It is further clarified that it is based on a narrative that creates a new life area for coexistence with Japanese society, on the other hand, by constantly searching for the linkage with the motherland, held by women in Japan. As a result, between public social phenomena and private living space, confirmed that it conflicts with repetitive internal contradiction of controlling power and confirmed that complicated and detailed material of women living in Japan who undergo double discrimination What has been expressed over a period is considered to be a resistance expression and a will of expression of reconciliation to coexist with Japanese society. I have attempted to analyze the confessed alienated discourse of "Bongsinghwa" by classifying it as . As a result, it is confirmed that the public social phenomenon and the private life space are confronted with the repetitive internal contradictions of the power of domination, and the expression of the complex and detailed material of the discriminated women in Japan over a long period of time is a resistance to symbiosis with Japanese society And the will of the conversation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.527-536
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• 2015

Recently, the demand for three-dimensional spatial information has continuously been increasing, and especially, studies of indoor/outdoor spatial information or data construction have actively been conducted. However, utilization of spatial information does not universally spread to the private sector, but it is mostly used for the government offices. Thus, this study deals with the creation of three-dimensional right objects and the technique of expression to further vitalize the private sector, three-dimensional right objects, aiming to create and express three-dimensional right spaces in a particular system or open platform more conveniently. Unlike a plane text or apartment building used in existing maps was iconified and displayed simply, this study proposes a method of extracting data from the outer border of the building by the relevant level based on the existing structured three-dimensional building, a method of providing two-dimensional right spatial objects in XML, and expressing them as three-dimensional right objects efficiently. In addition, this study will discuss a method of creating right objects in a way in which an owner who was provided with a cross section of a building involves the direct detailed right objects in additional production or reproduction to utilize three-dimensional data (right objects) produced through this study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2000

This study investigated the effects of writing activity integrated with verbal sharing on the diversity of vocabulary and complexity of expression in 33 five-year-old children attending a private kindergarten in Seoul. Subjects were divided into a control group of 16 children and an experimental group of 17 children. The experimental group participated in a 7 week program of writing activities integrated with verbal sharing time. The instrument used for the pre-and post-tests was the writing ability test(Nam Mi Jung, 1996) and the complexity of sentences test(Young Hee No, 1994). Data were analyzed by ANCOVA. The results revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in children's diversity of vocabulary and complexity of expression.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.293-302
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of traditional fairy tales verbal expression education on 3-year-old children's social skills. The subjects of this study were 50 3-year-old children at four different private daycare centers in the Kyungnam province. 25 preschoolers were selected as an experimental group, and the others were selected as a control group. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical package SPSS by t- test, MANOVA and ANOVA. The findings of the study were as follows: First, differences between the experimental group and the control group in social skills were significant. There were differences between the experimental group and the control group in problem solving and self-confidence. There was no difference in emotional expression and sense of order. Second, the Cohen's effect size shows that traditional fairy tales verbal expression education effects children's problem solving and self-confidence.