• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 1981

The origin and development of adventitious roots was studied using hypocotyl and epicotyl cuttings of 34 species, 24 genus of woody plants. These cuttings obtained from young seedlings cultured in vials containing distilled water only. The several characteristics of cuttings materials studied are shown in Table 1. The results are summerized as follows: 1. The circumference shapes of cross-sections of hypocotyl and epicotyl cuttings can be divided into six categories, namely, round, irregular round, ellipse, irregular ellipse, square, and triangle. Species differences within a genus did not show any difference of hypocotyl and epicotyl cross-sections shape, however, a noticeable variation among genus or higher taxa. 2. The arrangements of vascular bundles in the cross-sections of hypocotyls or epicotyls were almost all collateral types and generally showed generic characteristics differing one to the other. However, there were some variations between species within the genus. Six models of vascular bundle arrangement were proposed for all the above speices. 3. The rooting portions of hypocotyl and epicotyl cuttings in this experimental materials can be grouped as follows: (1) Interfascicular parenchyma; (Thuja orientalis. T. orientalis for. sieboldii, Acer microsieboldianum, A. palmatum, A. saccharinum, Cercis chinensis, Lespedeza bicolor, Magnolia obovata, M. sieboldii, Mallotus japonicus, Staphylea bumalda) (2) Cambial and phloem parenchyma: (Chamaecyparis obtusa, C. pisifera, Albizzia julibrissin, Buxus microphylla var. Koreana, Cereis chinensis, Euonymus japonica, Firmiana platanifolia, Lagerstroemia indica, Ligustrum salicinum, L. obtusifolium, Magnolia kobus, M. obovata, Mallotus japonicus, Morus alba, Poncirus trifoliata, Quercus myrsinaefolia, Rosa polyantha, Styrax japonica, Styrax obassia) (3) Primary ray tissues; (Euonymus japonica, Styrax japonica) (4) Leaf traces; (Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena) (5) Cortex parenchyma; (Ailanthus altissima) (6) Callus tissues; (Castanea crenata, Quercus aliena, Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. serrata) 4. As a general tendency throughout the species studied, in hypocotyl cuttings, the adventitious root primordia were originated from the interfascicular parenchyma tissue, however, leaf traces and callus tissues were contributed to the root primordia formation in epicotyl cuttings. The hypocotyl cuttings of Ailanthus altissima exhibited a special performance in the root primordia formation, this means that cortex parenchyma was participated to the origin tissue. And in Firmiana platanifolia, differening from the other most species, the root primordia were formed at the phloem parenchyma adjacent outwardly to xylem tissue of vascular bundle system as shown photo. 48. 5. All the easy-to, or difficult-to root species developed adventitious roots in vials filled with distilled water. In the difficult-to-root species, however, root formations seemed to be delayed because they almost all had selerenchyma or phloem fiber which gave some mechanical hindrance to protrusion of root primordia. On the other hand, in the easy-to-root species they seemed to form them more easily because they did not have the said tissues. The rooting portions between easy-to-root and difficult-to-root species have not clearly been distinguished, and they have multitudinous variations. 6. The species structured with the more vascular bundles in number compared with the less vascular bundles exhibited delayed rooting. In the cuttings preparation, the proximal end of cuttings was closer to root-to-stem transition region, the adventitious root formation showed easier. 7. A different case occured however with the mature stem cuttings, in both the needle-leaved and the broad-leaved species. In the hypocotyl cuttings, parenchymatous tissues sited near the vascular bundles become the most frequent root forming portions in general and relevant distinctions between both species were hardly recognizable. 8. In the epicotyl cuttings, root primordia originated mainly in leaf traces in connection with cambial and phloems or callus tissues itself. In the hypocotyl cuttings, interfascicular parenchyma was the most frequent portion of the root primordia formation. The portions of root primordia had more connection with vascular cambium system, as the tissues were continuing to be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.167-175
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• 1996

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of light quality on formation of fruit body primordia (FBPs) of Ganoderma lucidum. To achieve this 5 isolates of the fungus that develops fruit body primordia on nutrient agar media were incubated with or without continuous irradiation. The fluorescent lamps used different colors such as black light blue (BLB), pure blue (P-B), pure green (P-G), pure yellow (P-Y) and pure red (P-R). Effect of periodic light and dark exposures on FBP formation of isolate Gl-009 was investigated. The FBP formation in G. lucidum isolates was also tested under monochromatic light produced by the combination of interference filters and colored glass filters. Three isolates produced FBPs under all kinds of fluorescent lamps, whereas two induced FBPs only under visible light except for BLB fluorescent lamp. However, these isolate did not form FBPs in the dark. The FBP was formed at light intensity from 0.05 to $10.0\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and begun to reduce its number as light intensity increase over $0.5\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. When the isolate was incubated under periodic light and dark exposures, the number and weight of FBP increased as compared with those under continuous light. Initiation of FBP requires at least 4 days of light illumination. Although isolate Gl-003 produced FBPs in a wide range of 400 to 800 nm, other four isolates had two effective regions 400 to 500 nm and 700 to 750 nm in FBP formation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2011

Chemical mutagenesis of basidiospores of Hypsizygus marmoreus generated new mushroom strains. The basidospores were treated with methanesulfonate methylester, an alkylating agent, to yield 400 mutant monokaryotic mycelia. Twenty fast-growing mycelia were selected and mated each other by hyphal fusion. Fifty out of the 190 matings were successful (mating rate of 26.3%), judged by the formation of clamp connections. The mutant dikaryons were cultivated to investigate their morphological and cultivation characteristics. Mutant strains No. 3 and No. 5 showed 10% and 6% increase in fruiting body production, respectively. Eight mutant strains showed delayed and reduced primordia formation, resulting in the reduced production yield with prolonged cultivation period. The number of the fruiting bodies of mutant No. 31, which displayed reduced primordial formation, was only 15, compared to the parental number of 65. Another interesting phenotype was a fruiting body with a flattened stipe and pileus. Dikaryons generated by mating with the mutant spore No. 14 produced flat fruiting bodies. Further molecular biological studies will provide details of the mechanism. This work shows that the chemical mutagenesis approach is highly utilizable in the development of mushroom strains as well as in the generation of resources for molecular genetic studies.

• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2004

Protoplasts of the wild type strain of Pleurotus osteatus were mutagenized with UV light, and 3,000 colonies were examined for abnormal mycelial and fruiting phenotypes. Forty one strains displayed variant phenotypes in mycelia and fruiting processes. The variant phenotypes were classified into 6 groups: (1) auxotrophic strains, which are incapable of growing on minimal media and can only grow when provided with their specific requirements; (2) abnormal vegetative strains, which grow very slowly on minimal and complete media; (3) primordiumless strains, which fail to develop to the formation of primordia; (4) maturationless strains, which form primordia, but do not form mature fruiting bodies; (5) specifically colored strains, which have Specific bluish grey or bluish white pileus; (6) poorly spored strains, which fail to produce basidiospore or which produce few spores. These variant strains may be useful in genetic breeding programs and for the studies of fungal development and genetics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.265-272
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the efficient propagation method of Cyrtomium caryoptideum var. coreanum by sporophyte culture. The influence of origin of explant sources (rhizome, blade, or stipe) and homogenization of culture materials on shoot regeneration were investigated. As a result, only rhizome explant exhibited the organogenic capacity and the shoot regeneration was promoted by homogenization of culture material. Vigorous and excellent growth of multiple shoots was induced on the half-strength of inorganic salts containing MS medium. It was appeared that optimum nitrogen content of shoot regeneration was half-strength of nitrogen containing MS medium (30mM) and optimum sucrose concentration was 1%. Addition of $NaH_2PO_4$ to culture medium generally enhanced shoot multiplication and promoted growth of the regenerants. The organogenic capacity of homogenized rhizomes was especially promoted on medium supplemented with $5{\mu}M$ kinetin plus $5{\mu}M$ IBA. The incorporation of $0.1\sim0.2%$ activated charcoal on medium supplemented with growth regulators prevented the formation of multiple bud primordia - nodule-like bud clusters and improved the normal morphogenesis of sporophytes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-104
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• 2004

For artificial cultivation of Phellinus baumii, we have conducted a study on cultural characteristics and condition of fruitbody formation in sawdust cultivation. Mycelial density and incubation rate were higher in oak sawdust+rice bran (4 : 1) medium than oak sawdust 100% medium. However, primordia and fruitbody formation were higher in oak sawdust 100% medium than rice bran added medium. Bigger bottle capacity (1,100 ml) resulted in a little higher yield and more biological efficiency than 850 ml bottle.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.263-275
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• 2020

Phlebopus spongiosus is a well-known edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to southern Vietnam. The mushroom specimens collected from northern Thailand in this study were identified as P. spongiosus. This identification was based on morphological characteristics and the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Pure cultures were isolated and the relevant suitable mycelial growth conditions were investigated. The results indicated that the fungal mycelia grew well on L-modified Melin-Norkans, and Murashige and Skoog agar all of which were adjusted to a pH of 5.0 at 30 ℃. Sclerotia-like structures were observed on cultures. The ability of this mushroom to produce fruiting bodies in the absence of a host plant was determined by employing a bag cultivation method. Fungal mycelia completely covered the cultivation substrate after 90-95 days following inoculation of mushroom spawn. Under the mushroom house conditions, the highest amount of primordial formation was observed after 10-15 days at a casing with soil:vermiculite (1:1, v/v). The primordia developed into a mature stage within one week. Moreover, identification of the cultivated fruiting bodies was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods. This is the first record of P. spongiosus found in Thailand and its ability to form fruiting bodies without a host plant.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.363-366
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• 2014

This study was focused on finding a relationship between fruit-body growth and relative humidity in Neolentinus lepideus cultivation. The higher the relative humidity, the moisture content of pileus and stipe were also tends to be increased. The day of formation of primordia and development of fruit body was shortest at the relative humidity 95%. The yield and commercial yield were higher in the relative humidity 95% than in the other treatment. Individual weight of fruit body was the highest at the relative humidity 75% and 85%. Crack indices of pileus was the strongest at the relative humidity 65%.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-48
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• 2004

The effect of $CO_2$ concentration (500, 3,000, $6,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$) on the mycelial growth and fruit body primordium formation of Ganoderma lucidum on nutrient agar medium was examined. Optimum $CO_2$ concentration for vegetative growth was above $3,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$. Fruit body initiation was accelerated at higher than $3,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$ $CO_2$ exposure but the maximum number and size of primordia, and primordium color were not influenced by $CO_2$ concentrations. Whereas each atypical fruiting structure forming stock culture showed different fruiting time under each concentration of $CO_2$ exposure.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2006

A new myxosporean species Ceratomyxa oplegnathus n. sp. was found from the gallbladder of cultured rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Mature spores were 44.14 ± 2.41 (39.04-48.41) ㎛ in length, 8.52 ± 0.36 (7.9-9.26) ㎛ in width in sutural view. Spores contained two spherical polar capsules measuring 3.04 ± 0.2 (2.71-3.37) ㎛ in diameter and a binucleated sporoplasm. Each polar capsule had a 5-6 coiled polar filament, and was situated near the sutural line. In ultrastructural observation, asynchronous divisions of generative cells without pansporoblast formation gave arise to 2 spores within a trophozoite. Sporoplasmic cell in the sporoblast was binucleated, and capsulogenic cells had large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, external tubules, and capsular primordia.