• 인지과학
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.77-102
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• 2020

복장이나 언행에서 유사성이 높고, 다른 범주와 구분이 용이한 군인이나 수녀들이 가진 속성은 일반화되기 쉽다는 범주 응집성 효과 연구에는 어느 정도 진전이 있었다. 그러나 이러한 범주 응집성 효과의 근본에 어떤 심리적 기제가 있는지에 대한 직접적인 연구가 드물었기에 본 연구에서 다루어보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 응집성이 높은 범주(수녀, 군인, 비행기승무원)와 낮은 범주(통역사, 웨딩플래너, 플로리스트)를 선정한 후, 두 가지 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 1은 응집성이 높은 범주에서 [속성X]가 반복 관찰될 때가 응집성 낮은 범주에서 [속성X]가 반복 관찰될 때보다 해당 범주 구성원이 [속성X]를 선호할 만한 이유가 있을 것으로 추정하는 정도(선호의 이유 추정 정도)가 높아지는 현상을 관찰하였다. 실험 2는 응집성이 높은 범주의 경우, 일상적으로 드물게 나타나는 [속성X](기저율 30%)이 관찰될 때는 선호의 이유 추정 정도가 높아지지만, 일상에서 자주 나타나는 [속성Y](기저율 70%)가 관찰될 때는 선호의 이유 추정 정도가 낮아지는 현상을 관찰하였고, 응집성이 낮은 범주의 경우, 일상에서 드물게 나타나는 속성과 자주 나타나는 속성 모두 선호의 이유 추정 정도가 낮은 경향을 확인하였다. 즉 범주 응집성과 기저율의 이원 상호작용이 선호의 이유 추정 정도에 미치는 효과가 유의하였다. 본 연구가 심리학적 본질주의, 고정관념 형성에 시사점을 가진다는 것에 대해 논의하였다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.113-130
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze the WTO-inconsistent aspects of the single rate presumption of the United States in establishing and imposing anti-dumping duties for non-market economy exporters. By examining the drafting history in the GATT/WTO negotiations and the practice of the single rate presumption for non-market economies by the United States from a comparative perspective, it critically addresses the inherent lack of pertinent disciplines under the framework of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement in establishing dumping margins for exporters of non-market economies. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body leaves open the possibility of allowing the investigating authority to consider multiple exporters and the exporting country as a single entity. However, the study argues that it is difficult in practice for the investigating authority to make a single-entity decision in a WTO-consistent manner. The study also finds an incompatibility in the notion between establishing dumping margins for 'individual' exporters and 'non-market economies.' A proper discipline for non-market economies under the multilateral anti-dumping norm needs to be reconsidered in the era of persistent trade conflicts between the United States and China.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2010

This paper presents a feasibility study of a fresh air load reduction system by using an underground double floor space. The fresh air is introduced into the double slab space and passes through the opening bored into the footing beam. The air is cooled by the heat exchange with the inside surface of the double slab space in summer, and heated in winter. This system not only reduces sensible heat load of the fresh air by heat exchange with earth but also reduces latent heat load of the fresh air by ad/de-sorption of underground double slab concrete. In this paper, we proposed a simplified presumption method for the prediction of cooling and heating performance in the system. In conclusion the proposed method has been verified by comparing with the calculated value of the numerical analysis model by using nonlinear two-dimension hygroscopic question.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2007

The friction test using disk-on-pad type was carried out and regression analysis with friction parameters was applied fur wear loss presumption of motorcycle break disk. The wear loss has an effect on the frictional factor such as applied load, sliding speed, and number of ventilated disk hole. However, it is difficult to know the mutual relation of these factors on wear loss of motorcycle break disk. From this study, the result was shown that the regression analysis equation containing 4 elements were constructed and this equation had a trust of 95% in wear loss presumption of motorcycle break disk. It is possible to apply for another automobile parts.

• 의료법학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.65-117
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• 2011

This article analyzes the case (2008Da16776) which has the issue how patients have to prove causal relationship when patients claim against pharmaceutical companies alleging that patients were infected with virus due to contaminated blood products. The Supreme court held that: (1) if patients prove that they didn't have symptoms suggesting virus infection before administration of blood products, the virus infection had been confirmed after administration of blood products, and there were significant potential of contamination of the blood products with the virus, the defect in blood products or the negligence of pharmaceutical company in making blood products shall be presumed to cause the infection of the victim. (2) The pharmaceutical companies could reverse the presumption by proving the blood products were not contaminated, but the fact that the victims were treated with the blood products manufactured by other companies or had received blood transfusions is not enough to reverse the presumption. The case is the first decision whether the burden of proof about causal relationship could be reduced in pharmaceutical product liability lawsuit. Hereafter pharmaceutical product liability cases, it would be necessary to reduce the burden of proof about causal relationship in order to make substantive equality between patients and pharmaceutical companies.

• 의료법학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2007

It is a general principle that the plaintiff takes burden of proof about negligence and causation in a civil compensation litigation. And it is the same in a medical malpractice lawsuit. Korean courts have made diverse efforts to mitigate the plaintiff's duty to prove in medical malpractice lawsuits under the name of justice and impartiality. One of those theoretical attempt is 'presumption of causation'. The Supreme Court, since 1995, has developed a new logic for the theory of 'presumption of causation' which is characterized by a phrase "layman's common sense". The Court presumes the defendant's negligence and causation when the plaintiff alleges and proves the facts which can be pointed out and expressed by a layman with common sense. And if the defendant fails to prove that the result was caused by other fact than own medical activities, the defendant shall be defeated. I realize that this theory has problem for justice and impartiality. I would say that two fators should be considered and added to this logic. First,are defendant's acts generally belonging to gross negligence which would cause that kind of bad result? Second, is it recognized that there would be the causation generally and statistically between the cause and the result?

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2005

In this paper I propose the semantics of two modality markers in Korean, keyss and (u)1 kes. I compare the two modality markers with respect to some properties. First, keyss is used to express logical necessity while (u)1 kes can be used to express a simple prediction as well. Second, keyss expresses some logical conclusion from the speaker's own information state without claiming it is true. On the other hand, (u)1 kes expresses the claim that the speaker's prediction will be true. Third, the prediction of keyss is non-monotonic: it can be reversed without being inconsistent. However, that of (u)1 kes cannot. Fourth, (u)1 kes can be used freely in epistemic conditionals, but keyss cannot. Finally, when keyss is used, the prediction cannot be repeated. The prediction from the use of (u)1 kes can be repeated. To account for these differences, I propose that keyss is used when the speaker makes a purely logical presumption based on his/her own information state, and that (u)1 kes is used to make a prediction which is asserted to be true. This proposal accounts for all the differences of the two modality markers.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.628-634
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• 2010

This paper presents a feasibility study of a fresh air load reduction system by using an underground double floor space. The fresh air is introduced into the double slab space and passes through the opening bored into the footing beam. The air is cooled by the heat exchange with the inside surface of the double slab space in summer, and heated in winter. This system not only reduces sensible heat load of the fresh air by heat exchange with earth but also reduces latent heat load of the fresh air by ad/de-sorption of underground double slab concrete. In this paper, we proposed a simplified presumption method for the prediction of cooling and heating performance in the system. In conclusion the proposed method has been verified by comparing with the calculated value of the numerical analysis model by using nonlinear two-dimension hygroscopic question.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2003년도 학술회의 논문집 정보 및 제어부문 B
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• pp.878-881
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• 2003

To acquire an appointed speaker's clear voice signal from inspect-camera, picture-conference or hands free microphone eliminating interference noises needs to be preceded speaker's position automatically. Presumption of sound source position's basic algorithm is about measuring TDOA(Time Difference Of Arrival) from reaching same signals between two microphones. This main project uses ADF(Adaptive Delay Filter) [4] and CPS(Cross Power Spectrum) [5] which are one of the most important analysis of TDOA. From these analysis this project proposes presumption of real time sound source position and improved model NI-ADF which makes possible to presume both directions of sound source position. NI-ADF noticed that if auditory sense of humankind reaches above to some specified level in specified frequency, it will accept sound through activated nerve. NI-ADF also proposes practicable algorithm, the presumption of real time sound source position including both directions, that when microphone loads to some specified system, it will use sounds level difference from external system related to sounds of diffraction phenomenon. In accordance with the project, when existing both direction adaptation filter's algorithm measures sound source, it increases more than twice number by measuring one way. Preserving this weak point, this project proposes improved algorithm to presume real time in both directions.

• 한국재난관리표준학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2009

현재 대부분 사용되고 있는 반발경도법을 이용한 강도 추정식을 서울의 대표적인 지하구조물에 적용할 경우 준공년도에 따른 재령계수의 적용이 부적합한 것으로 판단됨에 따라 본 연구에서는 최근 8년간 수행된 서울지하철 정밀안전진단결과를 이용하여 코어의 일축압축강도와 동일위치에서 실시된 반발경도 시험결과와의 상관관계에 준공년도를 고려하여 공용중인 박스 및 터널구조물에 대한 합리적인 강도평가 추정식을 제시하였다.