• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.731-735
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• 2008

The coliform group, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus were analyzed for eliminating of microorganism spore which could be embeded in honey and eradication of studied for heat resistance of thermoacidophilic bacteria was studied for marketing of honey after producing honey drink. The method for analyzing of heat resistance thermoacidophilic bacteria was membrane-seperated cell culture with $0.45\;{\mu}m$ micro-filter and vacuum aspirator. The results of bacteria, coliform group, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus was negative, but normal method such as sterilization with electrolyzed water, normal micro-filter, high-temperature heating and microwave did not have effect on heat resistance thermoacidophilic bacteria. Also, absolute type micro-filter of $0.45\;{\mu}m$ and $0.8\;{\mu}m$ microfilteration showed higher effect on heat resistance thermoacidophilic bacteria than micro-filter of normal type, showing negative results at all treatments.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.48
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• pp.223-252
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• 2017

This study explores effects of two types of chatbots - voice-based and text-based - on Korean EFL learners' speaking competence and learner perception. Participants were 80 freshmen students taking an English-speaking class at a university in Korea. They were divided into two experimental groups at random. During the sixteen-week experimental period, participants engaged in 10 chat sessions with the two different types of chatbots. To take a close examination of effects on the improvement of speaking competence, they took the TOEIC speaking test as pre- and post-tests. Structured questionnaire-based surveys were conducted before and after treatment to determine if there are changes in perception. Findings reveal two chatbots effectively contribute to improvement of speaking competence among EFL learners. Particularly, the voice-based chatbot was as effective as the text-based chatbot. An analysis of survey results indicates perception of chatbot-assisted language learning changed positively over time. In particular, most participants preferred voice-based chatbot over text-based chatbot. This study provides insight on the use of chatbots in EFL learning, suggesting that EFL teachers should integrate chatbot technology in their classrooms.

• Perinatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.170-174
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• 2018

Objective: Progesterone is used to prevent recurrent preterm delivery, however the molecular mechanisms of its effect are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of progesterone on tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity in human choriodecidual (CD) membranes. Methods: We collected CD membranes from women with uncomplicated term pregnancies who were scheduled for elective cesarean delivery (n=10). CD membranes ($1{\times}1cm$) were incubated in tissue culture media at $37^{\circ}C$. We pre-treated the CD membranes with progesterone (P4), $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P), promegestone (R5020), or vehicle (ethanol) for 24 hours. The CD membranes were subsequently treated with $TNF-{\alpha}$ (with continued progesterone treatment) for 48 hours, then media was harvested for measuring MMP-9 activity by zymography and total protein was isolated from CD membrane tissues for MMP-9 expression by western blot analysis. Results: P4, 17P, and R5020 significantly reduced $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced MMP-9 activity in fetal membrane tissue samples (P=0.0078, P=0.0156, and P=0.0391, respectively) by zymography. Western blot analysis also showed decreased expression of MMP-9 in progesterone pretreated groups (P=0.0313). Conclusion: Progesterone reduces $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced MMP-9 activity in human CD membranes. These findings may provide further support for the role of progesterone in preventing preterm birth.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.23
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• pp.81-100
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• 2011

The term of world literature is now becoming an issue and lens through which we need to rethink the value of literature on a more universal dimension so as to imagine newly the location of the local or regional literature that has been alienated from the field of world literature. This kind of recognition leads us to consider the term world literature in relation to globalization and universality and to locate it on a problematical territory rather than to understand it in the traditional and Western way. Therefore the concept of world literature is now given to us as a task to resolve from our particular, or more precisely, peripheral context. The peripheral context could best operate as a possibility of reforming the West-centered order of world literature particularly in the way in which world literature obtains a more universal value. When we discuss world literature we need to consider the way of practice to re-highlight the possibility of periphery and pre-modernity without neglecting the 'light' of modernity and center. In this respect, the discourse of 'East Asia' may be useful for a transnational approach to world literature which focuses on the criticism of all kinds of centrism by foregrounding the concepts of othering and de-homogenization. For this I emphasize the attitude and methodology of 'post' which includes the power of othering and de-homogenization. The 'posty' theories such as post-colonialism, post-structuralism, post-nationalism and post-humanism allow us to indicate properly and acutely our aim by means of freer play of thought and at the same time more just definition and practice of our thought; that is, only by embracing both indication and play can we maintain the universal value of world literature. Here we can say that the global and local enterprise of ethics is the fundamental basis of world literature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.169-176
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of mother's psychological control and of teacher-child interaction on young children's self-regulation. Data were collected by surveying 358 young children, their mothers and their 28 teachers. Data were analyzed with statistics using the SPSS Win 18.0 version. The study results are as follows. Mother's psychological control and teacher-child interaction had a significant effect on infant self-regulation. Between them, the child-teacher interaction had a greater effect than the mother's psychological control, affecting emotional regulation more than behavioral regulation. The study results confirmed the mother's psychological control and the interaction of the child-teacher as the variables affecting the children's self-regulation. These results highlight the necessity of continuing education on mother's discipline and teacher's interaction and development of educational program for early childhood pre-service teachers.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.425-442
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the pharmacological properties of the newly prescribed herbal mixture, Chenmadansamgamibokhap-tang(CDBT), against hypoxia-induced neuronal cell injury (especially mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line, HT-22 cells) and their corresponding mechanisms. Methods: A cell-based in vitro experiment, in which a hypoxia condition induced neuronal cell death, was performed. Various concentrations of the CDBT were pre-treated to the HT-22 cells for 4 h before 18 h in the hypoxia chamber. The glial cell BV-2 cells were stimulated with $IFN{\gamma}$ and LSP to produce inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. When the neuronal HT-22 cells were treated with this culture solution, the drug efficacy against neuronal cell death was examined. Results: CDBT showed cytotoxicity in the normal condition of HT-22 cells at a dose of $125{\mu}g/mL$ and showed a protective effect against hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death at a dose of $31.3{\mu}g/mL$. CDBT prevented hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death in a dose-dependent manner in the HT-22 cells by regulating $HIF1{\alpha}$ and cell death signaling. CDBT prevented neuronal cell death signals and DNA fragmentation due to the hypoxia condition. CDBT significantly reduced cellular oxidation, cell death signals, and caspase-3 activities due to microglial cell activations. Moreover, CDBT significantly ameliorated LPS-induced BV-2 cell activation and evoked cellular oxidation through the recovery of redox homeostasis. Conclusions: CDBT cam be considered as a vital therapeutic agent against neuronal cell deaths. Further studies are required to reveal the other functions of CDBT in vivo or in the clinical field.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.43
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• pp.103-145
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• 2015

This study is intended to examine the present condition and management of Korean civil litigation between 1895 and 1905, during which the traditional korean legal system had undergone a significant reform until it was finally incorporated into the Japanese colonial counterpart. Civil litigation is important in historical archiving, in that we can understand archiving over time, the governing structure and our national identity. However at times we are not able to use them practically. The ultimate goal of preserving and maintaining the archives is to use them practically. The effective use of archives should be supported by their systematic management and access to a high standard. Therefore, the second main theme of this study is to propose to unveil civil litigation to the public for professional studies. Firstly, we should make a list of civil judgments from a management perspective. Secondly, we should inform people of the civil justice rulings through publicity activities such as contents creation, exhibition, documentary creation, education and so on. Thirdly, the historical archives of the civil litigations should be preserved apart form records. Fourthly, I should propose that we offer curriculum about interpreting and understanding history archives for strengthening of our expertise. Civil judgment of Guhanmal-Japanese is invaluable as it explains the history of our culture. Results of Conservation and utilization will be a valuable resource and invaluable to study.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2021

The development of technology speeds up the process of obtaining information and its analysis to track the level of corruption in different countries and develop countermeasures. This study examines the role of information and analytical support of anti-corruption policy as a tool for government accountability and analysis, evaluation, combating corruption in Eastern Europe. The purpose of the article is to identify the components of the information-analytical system that help reduce the level of corruption. The research methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of the functioning of information and analytical systems of Ukraine used by anti-corruption bodies. A quantitative analysis of the CPI score was conducted, according to Transparency International, to identify the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies in developing countries. The results show similar trends in countries developing on the effect of the use of information and analytical systems in the implementation of anti-corruption policies, strategies and measures. The strategy to combat corruption mainly involves increasing the independence and powers of anti-corruption bodies. Therefore, the development of information and analytical support is aimed at automating the processes of pre-trial investigations and criminal proceedings, information protection. As a tool for accountability, information and analytical systems may be ineffective due to the abuse of power by higher anti-corruption bodies due to political pressure from elite structures. Restrictions on political will are a major problem for the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 2022

Though information exists regarding the pathogenesis of the shot-hole disease (SH) in flowering cherry (FC), there has been a lack of research focusing on SH management. Therefore, here, we investigated the inhibitory activities of antagonistic bacteria against SH pathogens both in vitro and in vivo as well as their biochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds. Two biosurfactant-producing bacterial antagonists, identified as Bacillus velezensis strains JCK-1618 and JCK-1696, exhibited the best effects against the growth of both bacterial and fungal SH pathogens in vitro through their cell-free culture filtrates (CFCFs). These two strains also strongly inhibited the growth of the pathogens via the action of their antimicrobial diffusible compounds and antimicrobial volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Crude enzymes, solvent extracts, and biosurfactants of the two strains exhibited antimicrobial activities. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of the partially purified active fractions revealed that the two antagonists produced three cyclic lipopeptides, including iturin A, fengycin A, and surfactin, and a polyketide, oxydifficidin. In a detached leaf assay, pre-treatment and co-treatment of FC leaves with the CFCFs led to a large reduction in the severity of the leaf spots caused by Epicoccum tobaicum and Bukholderia contaminans, respectively. In addition, the two antagonists produced indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, and a series of hydrolytic enzymes, along with the formation of a substantial biofilm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the antimicrobial activities of the diffusible compounds and VOCs of B. velezensis against the SH pathogens and their efficiency in the biocontrol of SH.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.700-718
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• 2003

Fructan, a polysaccharide existing in plants or produced by microorganisms, is a sugar polymer of fructose with $\beta$-2,6 linkages. In this study, we investigated some cosmeceutical properties of Fructan such as moisturizing effect, cell proliferation effect, anti-inflammation effect and cell cytotoxicity. Zymomonas mobilis, a microorganism producing Fructan, was cultured in a medium containing 10％ sucrose and 2％ yeast extract as main components for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7. Fructan was obtained by precipitation from the cultured medium by adding alcohol (alcohol ratio of 1:3) after removing the enzyme by centrifuging. Fructan exhibited almost same moisturizing effect as hyaluronic acid and cell proliferation effect on human fibroblast and keratinocyte as well. Moreover, on cell proliferation test on bio-artificial skin constructed by 3-dimensional(3-D) culture after inducing primary skin inflammation with 0.5％ sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), the 3-D artificial skin treated with 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05mg/ml of Fructan exhibited higher cell proliferation than the 3-D artificial skin treated with SLS only. On anti-inflammation test on 3-D artificial skin evaluated by measuring secreted quantity of interleukin-1$\alpha$ (IL-1$\alpha$) which is a pre-inflammatory mediator induced by SLS, the quantity of IL-1$\alpha$on the 3-D artificial skin treated with 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05mg/ml of Fructan was less than the one on the 3-D artificial skin treated with SLS only. As a result of these studies, Fructan has anti-inflammation effect against inflammatory reaction by a skin irritant as well as cell proliferation effect in bio-artificial skin. Fructan was also evaluated as a safe material without any toxicity in safety tests using fibroblasts and animals.