• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.3.1-3.9
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• 2018

Background: Poultry breeding has increased by 306% in Korea, inevitably increasing the production of manure which may contribute to environmental pollution. The nutrients (NP) in the manure are essential for crop cultivation and soil fertility when applied as compost. Excess nutrients from manure can be accumulated on the land and can lead to eutrophication. Therefore, a nutrient load on the finite land should be calculated. Methods: This study calculates the nutrient production from Korean poultry by investigating 11 broiler and 16 laying hen farms. The broiler manure was composted using deep litter composting while for layer deep litter composting, drying, and simple static pile were in practice. The effect of weight reduction and storing period during composting was checked. Three weight reduction cases of compost were constructed to calculate nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) using data from; i) farm investigation, ii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), and iii) dry basis. Results: During farm investigation of broiler and layer with deep litter composting, there was a 68 and 21% N loss whereas 77 and 33% P loss was found, respectively. In case of layer composting, a loss of 10-56% N and a 52% P loss was observed. Drying manure increased the P concentrations therefore NLCs calculated using dry basis that showed quite higher reductions (67% N; 53% P). Nutrient loss from farm investigation was much higher than reported by Korean Ministry of Environment (ME). Conclusions: Nutrients in manure are decreased when undergo storing or composting process due to microbial action, drying, and leaching. The nutrient load applied to soil is less than the fresh manure, hence the livestock manure management and conservation of environment would be facilitated.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Salmonella infections in livestock industry cause various problems such as worsening animal welfare and productivity, damaging consumer confidence in the food safety of animal products. Chicken meat and eggs are known as major source of pathogen causing human foodborne infections. Therefore food safety concerns have prompted the poultry producers and governments to introduce the strategy and regulation to control these pathogens. Salmonella can persist for long periods of time in a wide range of spaces including feed bin, feed processing facilities, poultry farm, slaughterhouse, processing plants, etc. For the effective and constant Salmonella control, combination of pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest measures should be considered comprehensively. The control measures would be most effective at farm level where the contamination initiates. Transmission of pathogen from feed origin to the live poultry and finally to the products was proven already. To control bacteria in the feed ingredients and formula feed, thermal processing, irradiation or chemical treatment may be applied. Chemical treatments to inhibit Salmonella in the feed involve the use of products containing organic acids, formaldehyde, or a combination of such compounds. However, recontamination which might occur during storage and transport process and/or by other various factors should always be under control and eliminated. Feed additives used to control Salmonella in birds' gastrointestinal track can be of various types, including prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and bacteriophages. Although their mode of action varies, they ultimately inhibit the colonization of Salmonella in the gut and improve the performance of birds. This review describes the strategies that could be adapted to the management of feedstuffs and the use of feed additives in pre-harvest stage to control Salmonella contamination in poultry farming.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2024

육계의 장내 미생물 균총은 전반적인 건강을 유지하고 사육 생산성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소이다. 하지만 한국의 여름철 고온 환경과 밀집 사육 시스템은 육계에게 스트레스를 유발하여 장내 미생물 균총의 불균형을 유발할 수 있다. 이러한 배경으로 본 연구는 한국의 복지형 농가와 일반 농가에서 봄과 여름철 육계의 장내 미생물 균총을 비교분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 19일령 육계 총 31수를 공시하였으며, 봄철 일반농가(n = 8); 여름철 일반농가(n = 8); 봄철 복지농가(n = 7); 여름철 복지농가(n = 8)에 각각 할당되었다. 계절 간 일반 농가와 복지 농가 육계의 맹장내 미생물 조성 차이를 분석하기 위해 Beta diversity 분석을 수행하였으며, 일반 농가와 복지 농가 모두 맹장내 미생물 구성이 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 일반 농가에서 맹장내 미생물 균총 분포를 문 수준에서 분석한 결과, Bacteroidetes의 비율은 봄철이 여름철과 비교해 높은 풍부도를 보였다. 속 수준에서 분석한 결과, 봄철 육계는 Bacteroides와 Alistipes의 비율이 여름철과 비교해 높은 풍부도를 보였다. 복지 농가에서 맹장내 미생물 균총 분포를 문 수준에서 분석한 결과, 봄철과 여름철 모두에서 Firmicutes와 Bacteroidota가 우점하였다. 하지만, LEfSe 분석 결과, 미생물 균총 구성의 차이는 일반 농가와 비교해 상대적으로 적었다. 결론적으로 우리의 결과는 고온 스트레스가 육계의 맹장내 미생물 균총에 악영향을 줄 수 있지만, 주거 환경의 개선이 고온 스트레스의 영향을 완화시켜줄 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.220-227
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• 2009

For last about 10 years, the Republic of Korea experienced 3 times of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) from 10 December 2003 to 30 April 2004 (a total number of 19 outbreaks), 22 November 2006 to 6 March 2007 (a total number of 7 outbreaks), and 1 April 2008 to 12 May 2008 (a total number of 33 outbreaks). Among the totally 59 outbreaks, the infected premises included 35 chicken farms, 17 duck farms, 1 quail farm, and 6 farms rearing mixed species. Control measures were applied according to the HPAI standard operation procedure including depopulation of all infected and suspected flocks, movement restrictions, and disinfection of the infected farms within a 500-meter radius. Including movement restrictions, stringent control measures were additionally applied to two designated zones: the protection zone was an area within a 3-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm, and the surveillance zone was an area between a 3- to 10-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm. Farms with dangerous contacts and/or all of poultry within the protection zone was subjected to preemptive culling. Epidemiological investigations were also carried out including trace-back and trace-forward investigations to identify possible sources of spread and dangerous contact farms. Investigation teams conducted on-site examination of farm premises and facilities, interview with farm owner and staff, and review of records. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of the virus isolates, and the results of the various surveillance activities were also analyzed. HPAI surveillance conducted in Korea includes passive surveillance of investigating notified cases, and active surveillance of testing high risk groups and areas. HPAI is a notifiable disease in Korea and all suspect cases must be reported to the veterinary authorities. Cases reported for other poultry diseases that require differential diagnosis are also tested for HPAI. Active surveillance includes annual testing of breeder duck farms, broiler duck farms and wild bird surveillance, which is concentrated during the autumn and winter. Surveillance activities conducted prior to the outbreaks have shown no evidence of HPAI infection in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권11호
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• pp.40.1-40.7
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• 2015

Background: Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) in the alveolar macrophages (AM) by selective synthetic $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands, improves the ability of the cells to resolve inflammation. In birds, respiratory macrophages are known as free avian respiratory macrophages (FARM) and show distinct functional differences from AM. The effects of treating FARM with $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands are unclear. Methods: FARM were harvested by lavage of chicken respiratory tract and their morphology assessed at microscopic level. The effects of $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonists on the FARM in vitro viability, phagocytic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-${\alpha}$) production were assessed. Results: FARM had eccentric nucleus and plasma membrane ruffled with filopodial extensions. Ultrastructurally, numerous vesicular bodies presumed to be lysosomes were present. FARM treated with troglitazone, a selective $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonist, had similar in vitro viability with untreated FARM. However, treated FARM co-cultured with polystyrene particles, internalized more particles with a mean volume density of 41 % compared to that of untreated FARM of 21 %. Further, treated FARM significantly decreased LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Results from this study show that $PPAR{\gamma}$ synthetic ligands enhance phagocytic ability of FARM. Further the ligands attenuate production of proinflammatory cytokines in the FARM, suggesting potential therapeutic application of $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands in the management of respiratory inflammatory disorders in the poultry industry.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2005년도 제22차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.82-83
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• 2005

Recently, layer industry shows the decrease in the number of farm and increase in rearing scale in both Korea and Japan. Seventy percent of layer farms in Japan feed more than 50,000 birds per each farm but in Korea, only 19.3% of layer farms are feeding more than 30,000 birds which covers 59% of total chicken number. This tendeney will be more accellerated from now on. Brand egg Production in Japan is developed with the involvement of farmers, sailers feed companies and also the marketing structure of brand egg is well organised in between farmers and consumers. However in Korea, the marketing structure of brand egg is not well settled for this reason the egg price is often decided lower much price than regrnlar price by the intermediate dealers. Under this kind of tough situation, Korean layer farmers are stressed to develop new brand products such as functional egg, settle the sales and distribution network with the good cooperation of farmers, and distributers.

• Safe Food
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2013

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.104-106
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• 2001

계란의 판매전략에는 $\ulcorner$제품개발$\lrcorner$ 과 $\ulcorner$판로개척$\lrcorner$ 의 두 가지 길이 있으며 이러한 전략적 대응이 필연적으로 성공하고 있다고는 할 수 없다. 판매 노력에 관한 평가는 앞으로 경영진단의 과제가 될 것이며 어느 것을 선택하느냐에 따라서 경영별 유리성은 격차가 더욱더 커질 것이다. 최근 시장개방화와 만성적인 생산과잉에 의한 수익성의 악화로 농가부채 증가 등 채란 양계 경영에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 한편 이러한 가운데서도 저 난가의 대응책으로 고부가가치, 상품차별화에 의한 신제품 개발, 판로개척 등 수익성 확보로 맞서고 있는 경영을 볼 수 있다. 앞에서 말한바와 같이 경영구조를 비교 분석한 것을 종합해보면 저 난가 구조하에서 살아남을 수 있는 길은 생산비절감도 중요한 비중을 차지하겠지만 무엇보다도 가격에 대하여 어떻게 대응할 것인가라는 전제하에 도매보다는 소매의 비율을 높인다든지 제품개발(상품차별화)을 통한 고 부가가치의 방향으로 나아가야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1974

For the purpose of determining the degree of freshness and bacterial contamiation of poultry farm eggs, the author collected 550 specimens from poultry farm, during the period from July 22 through October 3, 1973. Eggs of poultry farm were stored at $4{\pm} 1{\circ}$(Relative humidity 67~86%), $18\pm 1\circ$(70~80%) and $25\pm 1\circ$(73~82%) during 20 days. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Egg weight was decreased $0.97\pm 0.27$ gm at $4\pm 1\circ$, $1.68\pm 0.25$ gm at $18\pm 1\circ$ and $2.76\pm 0.30$ gm at $25\pm 1\circ$ after 20 days. 2) Specific gravity of fresh eggs was found to average 1.0785. 3) Yolk index of fresh eggs was found to average 0.419. 4) The regression equation between Yolk index and days was obtained y=0.417-0.001x (r=-0.481, p<0.05) at $4\pm 1\circ$, y=0.394-0.004 x (r=-0.738, p<0.01) at $18\pm 1\circ$ and y=0.391-0.011 x (r=-0.958, p<0.001) at $25\pm 1\circ$. 5) The regression equation between Yolk index and NaCl concentration (specific gravity) was obtained y=-0.001+0.04 x (r=0.796, p<0.001). 6) pH of albumin was changed from 8.0 to 8.8, 9.2 and 9.3 at $4\pm 1\circ$, $18\pm 1\circ$ and $25\pm 1\circ$ after 20 days. 7) Total Viable Bacteria in air cell was increased slowly according to the stored period at each temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the $CH_4$ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in $CH_4$ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and $4.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. Annual direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and $136.56Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. For pig sectors, the $N_2O$ emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of $53.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$ in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest $CO_2$ emission occurred in 2012 and was $9.44Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$. Indirect $N_2O$ emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was $CO_2$ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was $CH_4$ from manure management, followed by $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy use and $CH_4$ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and $2.82Gg-CO_2/yr$, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.