Korean Journal of Poultry Science (한국가금학회지)

The Korean Society of Poultry Science (한국가금학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Physiochemical Treatment of Feed and Utilization of Feed Additives to Control Salmonella in Poultry

가금의 살모넬라 제어를 위한 사료의 이화학적 처리와 사료첨가제의 활용

  • Kim, Ji-Hyuk (Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, Hack-Youn (Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, Bong-Ki (Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, Gye-Woong (Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University)
  • 김지혁 (국립공주대학교 산업과학대학 동물자원학과) ;
  • 김학연 (국립공주대학교 산업과학대학 동물자원학과) ;
  • 김봉기 (국립공주대학교 산업과학대학 동물자원학과) ;
  • 김계웅 (국립공주대학교 산업과학대학 동물자원학과)
  • Received : 2017.07.22
  • Accepted : 2018.02.14
  • Published : 2018.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Salmonella infections in livestock industry cause various problems such as worsening animal welfare and productivity, damaging consumer confidence in the food safety of animal products. Chicken meat and eggs are known as major source of pathogen causing human foodborne infections. Therefore food safety concerns have prompted the poultry producers and governments to introduce the strategy and regulation to control these pathogens. Salmonella can persist for long periods of time in a wide range of spaces including feed bin, feed processing facilities, poultry farm, slaughterhouse, processing plants, etc. For the effective and constant Salmonella control, combination of pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest measures should be considered comprehensively. The control measures would be most effective at farm level where the contamination initiates. Transmission of pathogen from feed origin to the live poultry and finally to the products was proven already. To control bacteria in the feed ingredients and formula feed, thermal processing, irradiation or chemical treatment may be applied. Chemical treatments to inhibit Salmonella in the feed involve the use of products containing organic acids, formaldehyde, or a combination of such compounds. However, recontamination which might occur during storage and transport process and/or by other various factors should always be under control and eliminated. Feed additives used to control Salmonella in birds' gastrointestinal track can be of various types, including prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and bacteriophages. Although their mode of action varies, they ultimately inhibit the colonization of Salmonella in the gut and improve the performance of birds. This review describes the strategies that could be adapted to the management of feedstuffs and the use of feed additives in pre-harvest stage to control Salmonella contamination in poultry farming.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : 공주대학교

References

  1. Adhikari PA, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Lee JH, Kim WK 2017 Effect of dietary bacteriophage supplementation on internal organs, fecal excretion, and ileal immune response in laying hens challenged by Salmonella enteritidis. Poult Sci 96:DOI 10.3382/ps/pex109
  2. Al-Chalaby ZAM, Hinton M, Linton AH 1985 Failure of drinking water sanitisation to reduce the incidence of natural Salmonella in broiler chickens. Vet Rec 116:364- 365. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.14.364
  3. Altekruse SF, Bauer N, Chanlongbutra A, DeSagun R, Naugle A, Schlosser W, Umholtz R, White P 2006 Salmonella enteritidis in broiler chickens, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1848-1852. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1212.060653
  4. Ammerman E, Quarles E, Twining PV Jr 1988a Effect of dietary fructo-oiligosaccharides on feed efficiency in floor- pen reared male broilers. Poult Sci 67(Suppl.1): 1. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670001
  5. Ammerman E, Quarles E, Twining PV Jr. 1988b Broiler response to the dietary fructo-oligosaccharides. Poult Sci 67(Suppl.1):46.
  6. Ammerman E, Quarles E, Twining PV Jr. 1989 Evaluation of fructo-oligosaccharides on performance and carcass yield of male broilers. Poult Sci 68(Suppl.1):67.
  7. Ar'Quette G, Parveen S, Schwarz J, Hashem F, Vimini B 2017 Reduction of Salmonella in ground chicken using a bacteriophage. Poult Sci 96:DOI 10.3382/ps/pex062
  8. Atterbury RJ, Van Bergen MA, Ortiz F, Lovell MA, Harris JA, De Boer A, Wagenaar JA, Allen VM, Barrow PA. 2007 Bacteriophage therapy to reduce Salmonella colonization of broiler chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4543-4549. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00049-07
  9. Audisio M, Oliver G, Apella MC 1999 Antagonistic effect of Enterococcus faecium J96 against human and poultry pathogenic Salmonella spp. J Food Prot 62:751-755. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.7.751
  10. Audisio M, Oliver G, Apella MC 2000 Protective effect of Enterococcus faecium J96, a potential probiotic strain, on chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum. J Food Prot 63:1333-1337. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-63.10.1333
  11. Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Bohm J 2011 Evaluation of the chicory inulin efficacy on ameliorating the intestinal morphology and modulating the intestinal electrophysiological properties in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol & Anim Nut 95:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00999.x
  12. Babar AM, Khan MZ, Ahmad S, Khan A, Bachaya HA, Anwar MI 2001 Toxico-pathological effects of formalin (37% formaldehyde) feeding in broiler chicks. Pakistan Vet J 21:13-16.
  13. Baek HY, Kim JW, Kim JU, Kim IH 2013 Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage CP on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, carcass cha racteristics and fecal microflora in broilers. Kor J Poult Sci 40:283-290. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2013.40.4.283
  14. Bailey JS, Blankensship LC, Cox NA 1991 Effect of fructooligosaccharides on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine. Poult Sci 70:2433-2438. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0702433
  15. Bao H, Zhang P, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Wang R 2015 Bio-control of Salmonella Enteritidis in foods using bacteriophages. Viruses 7:4836-4853. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7082847
  16. Barrow PA, Huggins MB, Lovell MA, Simpson JM 1987 Observations of the pathogenesis of experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens. Res Vet Sci 42:194-199.
  17. Bengmark S 1998 Immunonutrition: role of biosurfactants, fiber and probiotic bacteria. Nutrition 14:585-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(98)00030-6
  18. Braden CR 2006 Serotype Enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 43:512-517. https://doi.org/10.1086/505973
  19. Broderick GA, Lane GT 1978 Lactational, In vitro, and chemical evaluation of untreated and formaldehyde-treated casein supplements. J Dairy Sci 61:932-939. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83670-4
  20. Broom LJ 2015 Organic acids for improving intestinal health of poultry. World's Poult Sci J 71:630-641. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933915002391
  21. Brown R 1996 FDA approved use of formaldehyde in poultry feed. Feed Stuffs 15:40
  22. Bucher O, Holley RA, Ahmed R, Tabor H, Nadon C, Ng LK, D'Aoust JY 2007 Occurrence and characterization of Salmonella from chicken nuggets, strips, and pelleted broiler feed. J Food Prot 70:2251-2258. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-70.10.2251
  23. Burt S 2004 Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94:223-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
  24. Butcher GD, Miles RD 1995 Minimizing microbial contamination in feed mills producing poultry feed. Coop Ext Serv Publ No VM93 Univ. of Florida, Gainsville.
  25. Byrd JA, Hargis BM, Caldwell RH, Bailey KL, Herron JL, McReynolds RL, Brewer RC, Anderson KM, Bischoff KM, Callaway TR, Kubena LF 2001 Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. Poult Sci 80:278-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.3.278
  26. Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, Reid WM, Yoder Jr HW 1991 Salmonellosis-paratyphoid infections. Pages 99-130 In: Diseases of Poultry(9thed.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
  27. Carter, R 2006. Controlling Salmonella in feedmills. Pages 94-100 In: Feed Processing and Quality Control. Technical Report Series. Am Soybean Assoc, Int. Marketing, Southeast Asia, Singapore.
  28. Carter A, Adams M, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ 2017 Colonisation of poultry by Salmonella enteritidis S1400 is reduced by combined administration of Lactobacillus salivarius 59 and Enterococcus faecium PXN-33. Vet Microbiol 199:100-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.029
  29. Cave NAG 1984 Effect of dietary propionic and lactic acids on feed intake by chicks. Poult Sci 63:131-134. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0630131
  30. Cetin N, Guclu BK, Cetin E 2005 The effect of prebiotics and mannan-oligosaccharide on some haematological and immunological parameters in Turkey. J Vet Med A 52: 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00736.x
  31. Choi CG 2011 Enforcement of HACCP system for feed manufacturer and Salmonella detection. Pages 81-86 In: Feed, Korea Feed Association. Korea
  32. Choi KH, Namgung H, Paik IK 1994 Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides on the suppression of intestinal colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens. Kor J Anim Sci & Technol 36:271-284.
  33. Commission Regulation No 1177/2006 2006 Requirements for the use of specific control methods in the framework of the national programmes for the control of Salmonella in poultry. Official J EU 2.8.2006.
  34. Cox NA, Bailey JS, Thomson JE, Juven BJ 1983 Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae found in commercial poultry Feed. Poult Sci 62:2169-2175. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0622169
  35. Crump JA, Griffin PM, Angulo FJ 2002 Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness. Clin Infect Dis 35:859-865. https://doi.org/10.1086/342885
  36. Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT 2002 Gastrointestinal effects of prebiotics. Brit J Nutri 87:145-151. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJNBJN/2002530
  37. Curtain L 1984 Economic study of Salmonella poisoning and control measures in Canada. Working Paper No. 11. Agriculture Canada, Canada Marketing Economics Branch Ottawa, ON, Canada.
  38. Dahiya JP, Wilkie AG, Van K, Drew MD 2006 Potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chicken in post-antibiotics area. Anim Feed Sci & Technol 29:60-88.
  39. Dembele T, Obdzalek V, Votava M 1998 Inhibition of bacterial pathogens by lactobacilli. Zentralblat fur Bakteriologie 288:395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0934-8840(98)80013-3
  40. d'Herelle F 1917 Sur un microbe invisible antagonists des bacilles dysenteriques. C R Acad Sci Paris 165:373-375.
  41. Duncan MS, Adams AW 1972 Effects of a chemical treatment of poultry feed on survival of Salmonella. Poult Sci 67:1225-1228.
  42. EFSA 2004 Guidance document of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. EFSA J 99.
  43. EFSA 2007 The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne outbreaks in the European Union in 2006. EFSA J 130.
  44. EFSA 2008 Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals. Scientific opinion of the panel on biological hazards. EFSA J 720:1-84.
  45. Endersen L, O'Mahony J, Hill C, Ross RP, McAuliffe O, Coffey A 2014 Phage therapy in the food industry. Annu Rev Food Sci & Technol 5:327-349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092415
  46. Fernandez F, Hinton M, Van GB 2002 Dietary mannanoligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salomonella enteritidis colonization. Pathol 31:49-58.
  47. Foley SL, Nayak R, Hanning IB, Johnson TJ, Han J, Ricke SC 2011 Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:4273-4279. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00598-11
  48. Fuller R 1989 Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 66:365-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x
  49. Fuller R 1999 Probiotics for farm animals. Pages 15-22 In: Probiotics. A Critical Review. (ed. G.W. Tannock), Horizon Scientific Press, Norfolk, England.
  50. Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Gast R, Humphrey TJ, Van Immerseel F 2009 Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella enteritidis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33:718-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00161.x
  51. Garber L, Smeltzer M, Fedorka-Cray P, Ladely S, Ferris K 2003 Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in table egg layer house environments and in mice in U.S. layer houses and associated risk factors. Avian Dis 47:134-142. https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0134:SESEIT]2.0.CO;2
  52. Garcia KCOD, Correa IMO, Pereira LQ, Silva TM, Mioni MSR, Izidoro ACM, Bastos IHV, Goncalves GAM, Okamoto AS, Filho RLA 2017 Bacteriophage use to control Salmonella biofilm on surface present in chicken slaughterhouses. Poult Sci 96:DOI 10.3382/ps.pex124
  53. Garland PW 1994 In-feed Salmonella inhibitors. Poult Int 33: 40-42.
  54. Garriga M, Pascual M, Monfort JM, Hugas M 1998 Selection of Lactobacilli for chicken probiotic adjuncts. J Appl Microbiol 84:125-132. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00329.x
  55. Gast RK 2008 Salmonella infections. Page 619 In: Diseases of Poultry, 12th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
  56. Gast RK, Benson ST 1995 The comparative virulence for chicks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolates and isolates of phage types commonly found in poultry in the United States. Avian Dis 39:567-574. https://doi.org/10.2307/1591810
  57. Gast RK, Guard-Bouldin J, Holt PS 2005 The relationship between the duration of fecal shedding and the production of contaminated eggs by laying hens infected with strains of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella heidelberg. Avian Dis 49:382-386. https://doi.org/10.1637/7322-010705R.1
  58. Gebreyes WA, Wittum T, Habing G, Alali W, Usui M, Suzuki S 2017 Spread of antibiotic resistance in food animal production system. Pages 105-130 In: Foodborne Diseases. 4th ed. Academic Press, MA, USA.
  59. Gibson G, Roberfroid M 1995 Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutri 125:1401-1412.
  60. Gudiel-Urabano M, Goni I 2002 Effect of fructooligosaccharides on nutritional parameters and mineral bioavailability in rats. J Sci Food Agr 82:913-917. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1133
  61. Gusils C, Perez Chaia A, Gonzalez S, Oliver G 1999 Lactobacilli isolated from chicken intestines: Potential use as probiotics. J Food Prot 62:252-256. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.3.252
  62. Hacking WC, Mitchell WR, Carlson HC 1978 Salmonella investigation in an Ontario feed mill. Can J Comp Med 42:400-406.
  63. Hajati H, Rezaei M 2010 The application of prebiotics in poultry production. Int J Poutl Sci 9:298-304. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.298.304
  64. Harein PK, Casas EL, Pomeroy BS, York MD 1970 Salmonella spp. and serotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from the lesser mealworm1 collected in poultry brooder houses. J Econ Entomol 63:80-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/63.1.80
  65. Harper DR, Kutter E 2008 Bacteriophage: Therapeutic uses. In: The Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.
  66. Hayakawa K, Mizutani J, Wada K, Masai T, Yoshihara I, Mitsuoka T 1990 Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on human faecal flora. Microb Ecol Health & Dis 3:293- 303. https://doi.org/10.3109/08910609009140252
  67. Henzler DJ, Opitz HM 1992 The role of mice in the epizootiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms. Avian Dis 36:625-631. https://doi.org/10.2307/1591757
  68. Hidaka H, Eida T, Tokunage T, Tashiro Y 1986 Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacteria & Microflora 5:37-50. https://doi.org/10.12938/bifidus1982.5.1_37
  69. Higgins JP, Andreatti Filho RL, Higgins SE, Wolfenden AD, Tellez G, Hargis BM 2008 Evaluation of Salmonella-lytic properties of bacteriophages isolated from commercial broiler houses. Avian Dis 52:139-142. https://doi.org/10.1637/8017-050807-ResNote
  70. Hinton M, Linton AH 1988 Control of salmonella infections in broiler chickens by the acid treatment of their feed. Vet Record 123:416-421. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.123.16.416
  71. Humphrey TJ 1999 Contamination of meat and eggs with Salmonella serotype enteritidis. Pages 183-192 In: Salmonella enteric serotype enteritidis in Humans and Animals (ed. Saeed AM), Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
  72. Iba AM, Berchieri Jr A 1995 Studies on the use of a formic acid‐propionic acid mixture (Bio‐addTM) to control experimental Salmonella infection in broiler chickens. Avian Path 24:303-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459508419071
  73. Iji PA, Tivery DR 1998 Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chickens diets. World's Poult Sci J 54:129-143. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19980010
  74. Izat A, Waldroup P 1990 Poultry industry has variety of weapons to fight Salmonella. Feedstuffs 62:28-39.
  75. Jacques M, Aragon V, Tremblay YD 2010 Biofilm formation in bacterial pathogens of veterinary importance. Anim Health Res Rev 11:97-121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252310000149
  76. Jin LZ, Ho YW, Abdullah N, Ali MA, Jalaludin S 1996 Antagonistic effects of intestinal Lactobacillus isolates on pathogens of chickens. Lett Appl Microbiol 23:67-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00032.x
  77. Jones FT, Richardson KE 2004 Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds. Poult Sci 83:384-391. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.3.384
  78. Jones FT 2011 A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed. J Appl Poult Res 20:102-113. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00281
  79. Jozefiak D, Kaczmarek S, Rutkowski A 2010 The effects of benzoic acid supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutri 94:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00875.x
  80. Khan M, Katamy M 1969 Antagonistic effects of fatty acids against Salmonella in meat and bone meal. Appl Microbiol 17:402-404.
  81. Khan M, Hussain SM, Khan MZ 2006 Effects of formalin feeding or administering into the crops of white Leghorn cockerels on hematological and biochemical parameters. Poult Sci 85:1513-1519. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.9.1513
  82. Khodambashi Emami N, Daneshmand A, Zafari Naeini S, Graystone EN, Broom LJ 2017 Effects of commercial organic acid blends on male broilers challenged with E. coli K88: Performance, microbiology, intestinal morphology, and immune response. Poult Sci 96: DOI 10.3382/ ps/pex106
  83. Kim AR, Lee YJ, Kang MS, Kwak SI, Cho JK 2007 Dissemination and tracking of Salmonella spp. in integrated broiler operation. J Vet Sci 8:155-161. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2007.8.2.155
  84. Kim GB, Seo YM, Kim CH Paik IK 2011 Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Poult Sci 90:75-82. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00732
  85. Kim JH, Kim JW, Lee BB, Lee GI, Lee JH, Kim GB, Kil DY 2014 Effect of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage on growth performance and cecal bacterial populations in broiler chickens raised in different housing systems. Livest Sci 170:137-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.09.005
  86. Kim SC, Kim JW, Kim JU, Kim IH 2013 Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and fecal microflora in broilers. Kor J Poul Sci 40:75-81. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2013.40.1.075
  87. Kinde H, Read DH, Chin RP, Bickford AA, Walker RL, Ardans A, Breitmeyer RE, Willoughby D, Little HE, Kerr D, Gardener IA 1996 Salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 infection in a commercial layer flock in southern California: bacteriologic and epidemiologic findings. Avian Dis 40:665-671. https://doi.org/10.2307/1592279
  88. Klis FM, Mol P, Hellingwerf K, Brul S 2002 Dynamics of cell wall structure in Saccharomyces cervisiae FEMS Microbiol Rev 26:239-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00613.x
  89. Koenen ME, Kramer J, Van der Hulst R, Heres L, Jeurissen SHM, Boersma WJA 2004 Immunomodulation by probiotic lactobacilli in layer- and meat-type chickens. Brit Poult Sci 45:355-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660410001730851
  90. Koyuncu S, Andersson MG, Charlotta L, Skandamis PN, Gounadaki A, Zentek J, Haggblom P 2013 Organic acids for control of Salmonella in different feed materials. BMC Vet Res 9:81-89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-81
  91. Lee HW, Hong CH, Jung BY 2007 Characteristics of Salmonella spp isolated from poultry carcasses. Kor J Vet Serv 30:339-351.
  92. Leeson S, Marcotte M 1993 Irradiation of poultry feed II. Effect on nutrient composition. World's Poult Sci J 49: 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19930010
  93. Li X, Bethune LA, Jia Y, Lovell RA, Proescholdt TA, Benz SA, Schell TA, Kaplan G, McChesney DG 2011 Surveillance of Salmonella prevalence in animal feeds and characterization of the Salmonella isolates by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility. Foodborne Pathog & Dis 9:692-698.
  94. Maciorowski KG, Jones FT, Pillai SD, Ricke SC 2004 Incidence, sources, and control of food-borne Salmonella spp. in poultry feeds. World's Poult Sci J 60:446-457. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS200428
  95. MacKenzie M, Bains BS 1976 Dissemination of Salmonella serotypes form raw feed ingredients to chicken carcases. Poult Sci 55:957-960. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0550957
  96. Manning TS, Gibson GR 2004 Prebiotics. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18:287-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.008
  97. Mead GC 2000 Prospects for competitive exclusion treatment to control Salmonellas and other foodborne pathogens in poultry. Vet J 159:111-123. https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.1999.0423
  98. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV 1999 Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5:607-625. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0505.990502
  99. Meaden S, Koskella B 2013 Exploring the risks of phage application in the environment. Front Microbiol 4:1-8.
  100. Methner U, Steinbach G 1997 Efficacy of maternal Salmonella antibodies and experimental oral infection of chicks with Salmonella enteritidis. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wschr 110:373-377.
  101. Milbradt EL, Okamoto AS, Rodrigues JC, Garcia EA, Sanfelice C, Centenaro LP, Andreatti Filho RL 2014 Use of organic acids and competitive exclusion product as an alternative to antibiotic as a growth promoter in the raising of commercial turkeys. Poult Sci 93:1855-1861. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03593
  102. Mitchell GA, McChesney DG 1991 Aplan for Salmonella control in animal feeds. Pages 28-31 In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Diagnosis and Control of Salmonella. U. S. Animal Health Association, Richmond, VA.
  103. Mitsuoka T, Hidaka H, Eida T 1987 Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal microflora. Die Nahrung 31:427- 436. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19870310528
  104. Mulder RWAW, Havenaar R, Huis In'T Veldt JHJ 1997 Intervention strategies: the use of probiotics and competitive exclusion microfloras against contamination with pathogens in pigs and poultry. Pages 187-207 In: Probiotics 2: Applications and Practical Aspects (ed. R. Fuller), Chapman & Hall, London.
  105. Newman K. 1999. Feeds with antibiotic growth promoters- The oligo-saccharide alternative. Biotechnology Responds. Alltech's 1999 European, Middle Eastern and African Lecture Tour.
  106. Nurmi E, Rantala M 1973 New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature 241:210-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/241210a0
  107. Ocana VS, Pesce De Ruiz Holagado AA, Nader-Macias ME 1999 Characterisation of a bacteriocin-like substance produced by a vaginal Lactobacillus salivarius strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5631-5635.
  108. Ohta A 2006 Prevention of osteoporosis by foods and dietary supplements. The effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the calcium absorption and bone. Clin Calcium 16: 1639-1645.
  109. Orban JI, Patterson JA, Sutton AL, Richards GN 1997 Effect of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel, dietary vitaminmineral level, and brooding temperature on growth and intestinal bacterial populations of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 76:482-490. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.3.482
  110. Osimani A, Aquilanti L, Clementi F 2016 Salmonellosis associated with mass catering: a survey of European union cases over a 15-year period. Epidemiol Infect 144:3000- 3012. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816001540
  111. Pascual M, Hugas M, Badiola JI, Monfort JM, Garriga M 1999 Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens. Appl & Environ Microbiol 65:4981-4986.
  112. Rada V, Petr J 2000 A new selective medium for the isolation of glucose non-fermenting Bifidobacteria from hen caeca. J of Microbiological Methods 43:127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00205-0
  113. Rada V, Duskova D, Marounek M, Petr J 2001 Enrichment of Bifidobacteria in the hen caeca by dietary inulin. Folia Microbiologica 46:76-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825892
  114. Radcliff J 2006 Pathogen control in feedmills. Pages 45-49 In: Feed Processing and Quality Control Technical Report Series. Am Soybean Assoc Int Marketing, Southeast Asia, Singapore.
  115. Rajashekara G, Haverly E, Halvorson DA, Ferris KE, Lauer DC, Nagaraja KV 2000 Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in poultry. J Food Prot 63:155-161. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-63.2.155
  116. Rakhuba DV, Kolomiets EI, Szwajcer Dey E, Novik GI 2010 Bacteriophage receptors, mechanisms of phage adsorption, and penetration into host cell. Pol J of Microbiol 53:145-155.
  117. Rasschaert G, Houf K, Godard C, Wildemauwe C, Pastuszczak- frak M, De Zutter L 2008 Contamination of carcasses with Salmonella during poultry slaughter. J Food Prot 71:146-152. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.1.146
  118. Roch C 1998 Effect of Bio-MOS and flavomycin on commercial broiler performance. In: Lyons TP (ed). Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceedings Alltech's 14th Annual Symposium, Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA.
  119. Russell JB, Diez-Gonzalez F 1998 The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth. Adv Microb Physiol 39:205-234.
  120. Schlundt J, Toyofuku H, Jansen J, Herbst SA 2004 Emerging food-borne zoonoses. Sci Tech Rev Off Int Epizoot 23:513-533. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.23.2.1506
  121. Selle PH, Cowieson AJ, Ravindran V 2009 Consequences of calcium interactions with phytate and phytase for poultry and pigs. Livest Sci 124:126-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.006
  122. Shang Y, Rogiewicz A, Patterson R, Slominski BA, Kim WK 2015 The effect of phytase and fructooligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, bone quality, and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 94:955-964. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev044
  123. Sheldon BW, Brake J 1991 Hydrogen peroxide as an alternative hatching egg disinfectant. Poult Sci 70:1092-1098. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701092
  124. Smith HW, Tucker JF 1975 The effect of feeding diets containing permitted antibiotics on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens. J Hyg 75:293-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400047318
  125. Smith DP, Cason JA, Berrang ME 2005 Effect of fecal contamination and cross-contamination on numbers of coliform, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella on immersion chilled broiler carcasses. Journal of Food Protection 68:1340-1345. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.7.1340
  126. Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson KA, Newman KE 2000 The effects of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poult Sci 79:205-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.2.205
  127. Sulakvelidze A, Alavidze Z, Morris JG 2014 Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:649-659.
  128. Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Merchen NR, Fahey Jr GC 2002 Effect of supplemental fructo-oligosaccharides and mannan-oligosaccharides on colonic microbial populations, immune function and fecal odor components in the canine. J Nutr 132:1717-1719. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.6.1717S
  129. Terzolo H 2011 Bacteriological study of avian salmonellosis (S. pullorum, S. gallinarum, S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium) in Latin America. pages 28-30 In: Alberto R., editor. International Seminar on Avian Salmonellosis; Rio Jainerio. Brazil, Latin America Poultry Association.
  130. Thitaram SN, Chung CH, Day DF, Jr. Hinton A, Bailey JS, Siragusa GR 2005 Isomaltooligosaccharide increases cecal Bifidobacterium population in young broiler chickens. Poult Sci 84:998-1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.7.998
  131. Thompson JL, Hinton M 1997 Antibacterial activity of formic acid and propionic acid in the diet of hens on Salmonellas in the crop. Brit Poult Sci 38:59-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669708417941
  132. Twort FW 1915 An investigation on the nature of ultramicroscopic viruses. Lancet 2:1241-1243.
  133. Van Coillie E, Goris J, Cleenwerck I, Grijspeerdt K, Botteldoorn N, Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Herman L, Heyndrickx M 2007 Identification of Lactobacilli isolated from the cloaca of laying hens and characterization for potential use as probiotics to control Salmonella enteritidis. J Appl Microbiol 102:1095-1106.
  134. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from humans, cattle, pigs, and chickens in the Netherlands from 1984 to 2001. J Clin Micorbiol 41:3574-3578.
  135. Van Immerseel F, Cauwerts K, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R 2002 Feed additives to control Salmonella in poultry. World's Poult Sci J 58:501-513. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20020036
  136. Van Immerseel F, Fievez V, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Martel A, Haesebouck F, Ducatelle R 2004 Microencapsulated short-chain fatty acids in feed modify colonization and invasion early after infection with Salmonella enteritidis in young chickens. Poult Sci 83:69-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.1.69
  137. Van Immerseel F, Boyen F, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Bohez L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R 2005 Supplementation of coated butyric acid in the feed reduces colonization and shedding of inpoultry. Poult Sci 84:1851- 1856. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.12.1851
  138. Van Immerseel F, Russell JB, Flythe MD, Gantois I, Tibermont L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R 2006 The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol 35:182-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450600711045
  139. Van Immerseel F, De Zutter L, Houf K, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R 2009 Strategies to control Salmonella in the broiler production chain World's Poult Sci J 65:367-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933909000270
  140. Veldman A, Vahl HA, Borggreve GJ, Fuller DC 1995 A survey of the incidence of Salmonella species and Enterobacteriaceae in poultry feeds and feed components. Vet Rec 136:169-172. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.136.7.169
  141. Waldroup AL, Skinner JT, Hierholzer RE, Waldroup PW 1993 An evaluation of fructo-oligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on Salmonella concentration of carcass. Poult Sci 72:643-650. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0720643
  142. Walk CL, Bedford MR, McElroy AP 2012 Influence of limestone and phytase on broiler performance, gastrointestinal pH, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci 91:1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01928
  143. Wang Y, Zeng T, Wang SE, Wang W, Wang Q, Yu HX 2010 Fructo-oligosaccharides enhance the mineral absorption and counteract the adverse effects of phytic acid in mice. Nutr 26:305-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.014
  144. Wang C, Chen Q, Zhang C, Yang J, Lu Z, Lu F, Bie X 2017 Characterization of a broad host-spectrum virulent bacteriophage fmb-p1 and its application on duck meat. Virus Res 236:14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.001
  145. Williams DR 2002 The risk, prevention and control of Salmonella. Int Poult Prod 10:13-18.
  146. Williams J, Mallet S, Leconte M, Lessire M, Gabriel I 2008 The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides or whole wheat on the performance and digestive tract of broiler chickens. Brit Poult Sci 49:329-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660802123351
  147. Xu ZR, Hu CH, Xia MS, Zhan XA, Wang MQ 2003 Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poult Sci 82:1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.6.1030
  148. Yeh Y, Purushothaman P, Gupta N, Ragnone M, Verma SC, de Mello AS 2017 Bacteriophage application on red meats and poultry: Effects on Salmonella population in final ground products. Meat Sci 127:30-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.01.001
  149. Zafar TA, Weaver CM, Zhao Y, Martin BR, Wastney ME 2004 Nondigestible oligosaccharides increase calcium absorption and suppress bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr 134:399-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.2.399
  150. Zhao PY, Baek HY, Kim IH 2012 Effects of bacteriophage supplementation on egg performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, and moisture content in laying hens. Asian- Aust J Anim Sci 25:1015-1020. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12026
  151. Zhou F, Ji B, Zhang H, Yang Z, Li J, Li J, Ren Y, Yan W 2007 Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella typhimurium. J Food Prot 70:1704-1709. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-70.7.1704

Cited by

  1. Immunomodulation by Bioprocessed Polysaccharides from <i>Lentinus edodes</i> Mycelia Cultures with Rice Bran in the <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum-infected Chicken Macrophages vol.33, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2018.33.5.383