• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2016

본 연구는 항생제 대체제로서 Dicarboxylic acid가 in vitro 반추위 발효성상, 착유우의 유량 및 유성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 반추위 발효성상을 조사하기 위하여 batch culture 방법을 이용하였으며, Dicarboxylic acid의 급여가 착유우의 유량 및 유성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 평균체중 $649{\pm}19 kg$으로 일일 산유량 $38{\pm}3.95kg$, 유지방 $3.22{\pm}0.23%$, 산 차 $2.5{\pm}1.43$차인 홀스타인 착유우 10두를 산 차 및 산유량 등을 고려하여 시험사료에 따른 2개 군(대조구 5두, Dicarboxylic acid 급여구 5두)으로 나누어 실험을 실시하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 사료급여량의 2%를 첨가하여 1일 2회 오전과 오후 착유 시 급여하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 반추위내 pH에 긍정적인 영향을 주어 건물소화율이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 따라서 Dicarboxylic acid는 반추위 발효환경에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 건물소화율은 Dicarboxylic acid를 단독 급여할 때 가장 높았다. 또한 Dicarboxylic acid를 추가 급여하면 반추위 내 총 VFA 함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Acetic acid 농도는 Dicarboxylic acid 단독 처리구에서 높게 생성되는 경향을 나타내었다. 착유우의 유량은 Dicarboxylic acid를 급여한 처리구에서 대조구 대비 약 14%의 유량이 증가하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 유성분 및 MUN에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 항생제 대체제로서 Dicarboxylic acid 첨가는 반추위 내 발효환경을 안정화하여 건물소화율을 향상시키고 착유우의 유량을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.195-199
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• 2006

본 연구는 후산정체 젖소에 있어서 Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)의 처리가 번식 성적에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 분만 후 12시간이 경과하여도 후산이 배출되지 않은 홀스타인 개체 33두 및 대조구 12두에 대하여 분만후 20일째에 LPS 100 ${\mu}g$을 자궁 내에 주입한 다음 7일후에 발정이 발현되었을 때 인공수정을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 후산정체 젖소에 있어서 첫 수정에 의한 수태율은 대조구의 경우 공시한 12두가 모두 첫 수정에 의해 수태가 되지 않았고 처리구는 33두중 11두가 수태되어 33.3%의 수태율을 나타내었다. 후산정체 젖소에 있어서 대조구 및 처리구의 분만후 수태까지의 일수는 각각 $149.6{\pm}34.3$일 및 $53.0{\pm}12.5$일로 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적(p<0.01)으로 단축되는 경향을 나타내었다. 후산정체 젖소에 있어서 대조구 및 처리구의 수태당 종부 횟수는 각각 $3.6{\pm}0.8$회 및 $2.1{\pm}0.3$회로 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮은 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of vitamin or mineral supplements on the conception rates of dairy heifers when replacing the last injection of GnRH with hCG in ovsynch protocol (experiment 1) and also to investigate whether the estrus synchronization treatment in the heifer stage affects the conception rates after $1^{st}$ parturition (experiment 2). In experiment 1, 50 heifers were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 20 heifers each in groups 1 and 2, and 10 in group 3. All three groups were treated with an intramuscular injection of GnRH on day 0 (day 0 = the day of program start), $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ on day 7 and hCG on day 9, and were inseminated on day 10, 12~16h after hCG injection. In group 1 (vitamin group), the heifers were treated with an intramuscular injection of 5 ml of vitamin-ADE $500^{(R)}$, and group 2 (mineral group) was treated twice with an intramuscular injection of 30 ml of mineral supplement-LAPTOVET$^{(R)}$ on a one-week interval beginning on the day of hormone treatment (day 0 and day 7 respectively). Group 3 (control) was treated only with hormones. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography through a rectal probe. First service conception rates (FSCR) and average services per conception (ASPC) were recorded for all subjects. Of the total 50 heifers, 6 (2 in group 1, 3 in group 2, and 1 in group 3) heifers were eliminated due to accidents during experiment 1. FSCRs were 58.8% (10/17), 66.7% (12/18) and 44.4% (4/9) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. ASPCs were $1.53{\pm}0.72$, $1.27{\pm}0.59$ and $1.63{\pm}0.74$ in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although there were no significant difference between the groups, relatively good results (higher FSCR and lower ASPC) were obtained in both group 1 and 2. In experiment 2, 11 primiparous cows from group 2 of experiment 1 in heifer stage which had been treated both with the hormones for estrus synchronizing and mineral supplements (ES group), and 12 primiparous cows treated only with minerals (non-ES group) were compared to examine the effects of estrus synchronization program on conception rates after $1^{st}$ parturition. Following the examination, postpartum ASPCs were $1.55{\pm}0.82$ and $2.17{\pm}1.47$ in ES group and non-ES group, respectively. The postpartum average days open (ADO) were $116{\pm}56$ and $197{\pm}93$ in ES group and non-ES group, respectively. Although there were no significant difference between the two groups, desirable results (lower ASPC and shorter ADO) were found in ES group after $1^{st}$ parturiton. In conclusion, experiment 1 indicates that vitamin or mineral supplement with ovsynch protocol may have some positive effect on FSCR and ASPC of dairy heifers, and in experiment 2, ES program in heifer stage had a positive effect on ASPC and ADO following $1^{st}$ parturition.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

본 연구에서 Holstein 유우 78두로부터 분만 후 9주까지 1주 간격으로 혈액과 우유를 채취하여 cholesterol, glucose, 광물질(selenium, Ca, p), vitamin E 및 혈장내 progesterone을 분석하여, 이들 성분의 변화와 성분간의 상관 관계 및 변화 요인에 관하여 조사하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분만 후 9주까지의 각 성분별 평균 수준은 혈액에서 cholesterol, glucose, selenium, Ca, P, vitamin E 및 BUN이 각각 78.8 mg/dl, 62.3 mg/dl, 8.9mg/dl, 7.4 mg/dl, 52.2 ng/ml, $10.3{\mu}g/l$ 및 16.3 mg/dl이었으며, MSe와 MUN은 15.3 ng/ml과 15.8 mg/dl이었다. 2. 혈액내 cholesterol, glucose, selenium, Vitamin E 및 MSe는 분만 후 시일 경과에 따라 증가되었다. 3. 성분간의 유의적 상관관계를 보면 cholesterol은 P와 부(-), selenium과 U과는 정(+)의 상관이 었고, glucose는 P, MSe와 정(+), P는 selenium 와 부(-) 상관이었으며 그리고 BUN과 MUN은 정(+) 상관을 나타내었다. 4. 성분 변화의 요인으로서 유우 나이는 glucose와 selenium, 산차는 selenium과 vitamin E, 유량은 glucose와 MSe 수준에 차이가 나타났으며 청초와 건초 급여간에는 혈액내 Ca와 selenium를 제외 한 성분에서 차이를 보였다. 요소태 질소에서는 MUN에서만 나이와 산차간에 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 분만 후 급여 사료에 따라 혈액 및 우유의 성분에 차이를 보이며, 특히 혈액 및 우유내의 selenium은 분만 후 젖소에는 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1994

In 60 dairy cows with inactive ovaries, follicular cyst, luteal cyst, persistent corpus luteum and silent heat as diagnosed by rectal palpation, and those that had not resumed ovarian cycles until 60 days postpartum, progesterone concentrations for differential diagnosis of reproductive disorders were measured and were compared in matched plasma, skim milk and milk fat samples at 10 days interval. The incidence rate of reproductive disorders were as follows; inactive ovaries 20(33.3%), silent heat 11(18.3%), follicular cyst 7(11.7%), luteal cyst 7(11.7%), persistent corpus luteum 7(11.7%), pyometra 4(6.7%), vaginitis 2(3.3%), cystic corpus luteum 1(1.7%), and endometritis 1(1.7%), respectively. Cows having a progesterone concentration in plasma and skim milk < 1.0 ng/ml, and in milk fat < 80.0 ng/ml were considered to have inactive ovaries or follicular cyst. Those with concentrations in plasma and skim milk ${\geq}1.0ng/ml$, and in milk fat ${\geq}80.0ng/ml$ were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or persistent corpus luteum. Progesterone concentrations in above cows did not differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination. But progesterone concentrations in cows with silent heat did differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination(P<0.05). The accuracy of rectal palpation for making a differential diagnosis of ovarian dysfunction, as defined on basis of progesterone concentrations, were as follows; follicular cyst 55.6%, luteal cyst 50.0%, inactive ovaries 90.5% and persistent corpus luteum 60.0%, respectively. It may be concluded that progesterone determinations at 10 days interval is practical as an aid to diagnosing ovarian dysfunction, particularly follicular cyst and luteal cyst.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.171-175
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• 1990

항체로서 4-pregnen-$11{\alpha}$-ol-3,20-dione-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin을 사용하여 progesterone 측정을 위한 방사선 면역분석법을 개발하였다. 항체의 최종 희석 배율은 1 : 5,000이었다. Label progesterone의 회수율은 84%였으며 최저 측정치는 8pg/ml이었다. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation은 각각 6.2, 10.4%이었다. 방사선 면역 분석법은 가축에서 성성숙(性成熟), 발정확인(發情確認), 임신진단(姙娠診斷), 분만(分娩)후 난소기능회복(卵巢機能回復) 및 번식장애(繁殖障碍)의 진단(診斷)등에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects if ambient temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk production parameters such as milk yield, fat, protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and lactose. A total of fifty (50) mid-lactating Korean Holstein cows (144 - 150 days postpartum) were randomly assigned to two groups in equal numbers (n = 25) according to the type of diet received: conventional feed, a mixture of 56: 44 ratio of roughage and concentrate mix, and organic feed containing 100% organic roughage. Temperature, RH, and THI were recorded daily and averaged monthly. Conventional group showed higher dry matter intake throughout the experiment and thus, showed higher total milk yield and milk composition such as milk fat, protein, and lactose content than organic milk. Milk of the conventional group showed higher polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration. Highest milk yield was observed in September (21.7℃, 82.4%RH) in conventional group (27.69 kg·day^-1) and in June (21.4℃, 72.9%RH) in organic group (14.31 kg·day^-1). In conventional group, milk yield was positively correlated with Ta and THI, and milk protein was negatively correlated with Ta, RH, and THI. In organic feeding, only the MUN among milk composition parameters showed a significant correlation where it showed a negative correlation with Ta, RH, and THI. Conventional feeding showed significantly higher milk yield, fat, protein, and lactose than organic feeding throughout the experiment, although, organic feeding showed to be less likely affected by Ta, RH, and THI than the conventional feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the effect of level of RDP:UDP ratio and level of feeding concentrate on milk yield, milk composition and nutrient utilization in lactating crossbred cattle. Twenty four medium producing (-10 kg/d, 45 to 135 days postpartum) lactating crossbred cows were divided into four groups of six animals each in a 2${\times}$2 factorial completely randomized design. The cows in group 1 were fed concentrate mixture I containing 59:41 RDP:UDP ratio (low UDP) at normal plane (LUDP+NP), in group 2 were fed low UDP ration at 115% of NRC (1989) requirements (LUDP+HP), whereas cows in group 3 were fed concentrate mixture II containing 52:48 RDP:UDP ratio (high UDP) at normal plane (HUDP+NP) and in group 4 were fed high UDP ration at 115% of NRC (1989) requirements (HUDP+HP). Green jowar was fed ad libitum as the sole roughage to all the animals. The experimental feeding trial lasted for 105 days. The total dry matter intake (DMI), DMI/100 kg body weight, DMI/kg $W^{0.75}$, digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and intakes of TDN and DCP did not differ significantly among the different groups and also due to both UDP level and plane of nutrition and also due to their interaction. The total dry matter intake varied from 145 g in group 1 (LUDP +NP) to 152.57 g/kg $W^{0.75}$ in group 2 (LUDP+HP) diet. However, increase in milk yield with increased UDP level and also with increased plane of nutrition was observed consistently throughout the experimental period. The average milk yield was 7.66, 8.15, 8.64 and 9.35 kg in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively and there was no significant difference in milk yield among different groups of cows. The overall daily average milk yields in cows fed with low and high UDP diets were 7.91 and 8.99 kg, respectively and at normal and higher plane of feeding the milk yields were 8.15 and 8.75 kg/day, respectively. Thus, there was 13.65% increase in milk yield due to high UDP level and 7.36% due to higher plane of feeding. The daily 4% FCM yields were 9.20 kg for low UDP diet and 10.28 kg for high UDP diet, whereas it was 9.11 kg at normal plane of feeding and 10.37 kg at higher plane of feeding. Fat yields for the corresponding treatment groups were 0.37, 0.43, 0.41 and 0.48 kg, respectively. The 4% FCM yield and also fat yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments and also due to UDP level and plane of nutrition, however, 4% FCM yield was increased by 11.74% with high UDP level and 13.83% with higher plane of feeding. The values for total solids, fat, lactose, solids-not-fat and gross energy contents in milk differed significantly (p<0.05) among the different groups and were significantly (p<0.05) higher in milk of cows fed LUDP+HP diet followed by HUDP+HP diet. Total solids (14.65 and 13.83%), lactose (5.44 and 4.92%), solids-not-fat (9.44 and 8.83%) and gross energy (887 and 838 kcal/kg) of milk decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increased UDP level while total solids (13.84 and 14.64), fat (4.84 and 5.36%) and gross energy (832 and 894 kcal/kg) increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in plane of feeding. Gross and net energetic efficiencies and also gross and net efficiencies of nitrogen utilization for milk production were not significantly different among different groups and also were not affected significantly due to either UDP levels or plane of feeding. Results of the present study suggest that, increasing UDP level from 41% to 48% of CP in concentrate mixture and also increasing plane of feeding from normal (100%) to 115% of NRC requirements maintain a consistently higher milk production.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1993

The present study was conducted to examine the reproductive performance of dairy cow at alpine area. 1,515 dairy cows were managemented at above 800m of sea level around the Dea-Gwan Ryeong in Kangweon-Do. The results at this study were as follows ; 1. The average first estrus was 105.0 days after pastruation. 2. The highest percentage ofpregnancy(26.4%) and parturation(27.6%) were obtained at September to November and June to August, respectively. 3. The rate of pregnancy was 61.0%. Pregnancy rates according to insemination times of 1, 2 and 3 were 60.8, 23.5 and 9.8%, respectively and insemination time per pregnancy was 1.64. 4. Ages of first inseminatin, pregnancy and parturition of heifer were 17.9, 18.6 and 27.7 months, respectively. 5. Time of postpartum pregnancy was 133.0 days after parturition, and pregnancy period and calving interval were 279.6 and 410.3 days, respectively. 6. Six ratio of offspring was 52.1% of female versus 47.9% of male, and the proportion of twins was 0.65%. 7. The proportions of normal parturition, stillbirth and abortion were 91.9, 2.2 and 5.9%, respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1989

The changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin levels, and BVD, IBR and PI-3 viral neutralizing antibody titers in colostrum-conferred Korean native calves during the first 12 weeks postpartum were studied, and the results obtained were summerized as follows: The Mean concentration of total protein, total immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM and IgA in sera of 9 calves at birth were $3.8{\pm}0.5g/dl$, $0.27{\pm}0.15mg/ml$, $0.06{\pm}0.08mg/ml$, $0.21{\pm}0.11mg/ml$, and extremely low concentration, respectively. Serum total protein level reached a maximum at 20 hours after birth, total immunoglobulin, IgG, and IgM levels at 24 hours, and IgA level at 28 hours, respectively. Serum IgA level reached a minimum at 4 weeks old, IgM level at 5 weeks, total immunoglobulin level at 8 weeks, and IgG level at 10 weeks, respectively. After then those levels had begun to increase, but total protein level was still decreasing at 12 weeks old. The half-lives of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 21.1 days, 4.0 days, and 2.6 days-respectively. In 10 Korean native cows immediately after parturition, serum neutralizing antibody titers specific to BVD, IBR and PI-3 virus were $8.7{\pm}1.5{\log}_2$, $5.7{\pm}1.2{\log}_2$, and $6.8{\pm}1.01{\log}_2$, respectively. And colostral neutralizing antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were $10.1{\pm}1.4{\log}_2$, $6.8{\pm}1.3{\log}_2$ and $7.8{\pm}1.7{\log}_2$, respectively. Before suckling the colostrum, SN antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were undetectable from all of 9 Korean native calves. Nevertheless SN antibody titer against BVD virus reached a maximum level ($9.2{\pm}0.6{\log}_2$) at 24 hours after birth, that against IBR virus ($6.1{\pm}1.0{\log}_2$) at 20 hours after birth, and that against PI-3 virus ($6.8{\pm}0.9{\log}_2$) at 32 hours after birth, respectively. In 12 weeks old calves, the SN antibodies against BVD and IBR virus were still decreasing, but that against PI-3 virus reached a minimum at 10 weeks, and increased after 12 weeks of age. The half-lives of SN antibodies against BVD, PI-3 and IBR, virus were 16.0 days, 22.6 days, and 25.5 days, respectively.